• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.387-410
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to approach to the internal meanings included in the Happening and the culture of hippies, by analysing the basic mental conditions in the process of the Happening. And this study was composed of the concept and the development of Happening, the characteristics of the hippies that related in the midst of the happening's background, and the formativeness between these factors and hippies'fashion. Since the happening a genre of fine arts expression attended the New School for social research in New York in 1954, Allan Kaprow direct-influenced by John Cage used the word 'Hapening'first, practicing '18 Happenings in 6 parts'at the Rueben gallery in 1959. Kaprow's 18 Happenings was one of the earliest opportunities for a wider public to attend the live events that several artists had performed more privately for various friends. Despite the very different sensibilities and structures of artist's works, artists were all thrown together by the press under the general heading of 'Happening', following Kaprow's 18 Happenings. Being considered as the root of the Happening 'Expression of Sound'of John Cage was the discovery of the exisiting thing- the Happening. Most artists were to be deeply influenced by Cage's theories and attitudes-that is, his sympathy for Zen Buddihism and oriental philosophy-and by reports of the Black Mountain events. These events would directly reflect contemporary painting and stemmed from the Futurists, Dadaists and Surrealists. And Happening's development background was based on the culture of hippies. Swinging London had been under the sway of psychedelic drugs and utopian visions of 'hippie'wave sweeping in from Califonia. This wave, which affected solid middle-class youth first and formost, began in Haight Ashbury in San Francisco. Without dwelling on the hippie movement here, it is worth nothing that it resulted from the convergence of several undercurrents : consciousness-expending drugs, the anti-Vietnam war developments, the impact of English pop groups on American music and the rise of protest songs, and finally the beatnik tradition of non-conformism. Hippie culture and its pursuit of love, peace and psychedelia was the antitheses of 1960s main street fashion. The media gave everyone with long hair the label of 'hippie', but it was always a very loose collage of attitudes and styles. The rejection of sexual taboos was conveyed by the hippie's refusal to wear. Although the bold exposure of body raised controversies because it went against the existing moral values, it has a significant implications. Psychedelics brought mind-expansion and the possibillity that modern technology (light show, synthesized electronic sounds), new fabrics or colors, and LSD could be utilized to provide an escape route from the dreariness of modern life. During the 1960s, traditional costumes, many of which had never been seen outside their native regions, became sought after and adopted in the West, initially by the young, who wanted to demonstrate their solidarity with cultures uncontaminated by mass industry. The most ardent proponents of such folk costumes were the hippies. Hippies dress was sometimes decribed as 'anti-fashion', produced by a patchwork of ragged cast-offs and flamboyant accessories, of outmoded Western dress and time-honored ethnic garments all combined, modified and permutated into variety of personal statements. 'Flower Power'became a reality. From the results of this study, we can see the expanding trend of the influence and the concept of the sew art genre 'Happening'in the formativeness as well as the fine arts field.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.204-226
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• 1999

This study attempted to compare the social interest, motivation, and attitude of nursing college students who participated in a voluntary program and the students who didn't participate in a voluntary program. The purpose of this study can be summarized as to find the effect of a voluntary program and to offer fundamental data for institutionalizing a voluntary program in college. The subjects were composed of two groups, one group attend the voluntary program and the other group doesn't. The subjects were 390 nursing students: 179 in the experimental group and 211 in the control group. The results of this study are as follows : 1. Before voluntary activities, the mean value of the control group was higher than that of the experimental group in social interest and altruistic motivation. The difference is statistically meaningful(t= -2.2.53, p=.25, t= -2.509, p= .013). 2. After voluntary activities, selfish motivation and altruistic motivation in the experimental group was higher than before. The difference is statistically meaningful(t= 2.404, p=.0l7, t=-2.751, p=.007). 3. The social interest, selfish motivation, altruistic motivation toward voluntary activities and selfish attitude, altruistic attitude toward voluntary activities will not have changed in the control group before or after voluntary program. However, the altruistic attitude lowered after voluntary activity. It is statistically meaningful(t=2.694, p=.008). 4. After the voluntary activities, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in altruistic attitude. In the experimental group, the mean value of altruistic attitude increased significantly, but in the control group the mean value of altruistic attitude decreased ( t = 2.15, p = .032). The results of this study showed that voluntary activities not only increase social interest and altruistic attitude, but also the subject's understanding toward the community. 3. The social interest, selfish motivation, altruistic motivation toward voluntary activities and selfish attitude, altruistic attitude toward voluntary activities will not have changed in the control group before or after voluntary program. However, the altruistic attitude lowered after voluntary activity. It is statistically meaningful (t=2.694. p=.008). 4. After the voluntary activities, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in altruistic attitude. In the experimental group, the mean value of altruistic attitude increased significantly, but in the control group the mean value of altruistic attitude decreased (t = 2.15, p =.032). The results of this study showed that voluntary activities not only increase social interest and altruistic attitude, but also the subject's understanding toward the community.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to understand the sensory processing capacity and behavioral characteristics for preschoolers without disabilities, and to investigate the relationship between sensory processing skills and the behavioral characteristics. Methods : Mothers of preschoolers without disabilities between ages of 4 and 6 who attend Y kindergarten which is located in Busan, H kindergarten in Suwon, S kindergarten in Gimhae was participated. Mothers filled out the questionnaire at home from 4th to 14th of January in 2004. We used SSP(short sensory profile) which was used by Kim, Mi-Sun in 2001 to understand the sensory processing skills. We also used Behavior During Testing Checklist find their places in Miller Assessment for preschoolers to understand behavior characteristics. The results were analyzed with SPSS 10.0. Results : 1. Total incidents in sensory processing were 157 out of 190. Among sub items of the sensory processing, the mark of lower energy/weak was highest with 4.39 point and the mark of taste/smell sensitivity was lowest with 3.60 point. Total incidents in behavioral characteristics were 20 out of 24. Among the area of behavioral characteristics, the mark of sensory responses/threshold area was highest with 2.73 point and the mark of social interaction area was lowest with 2.29 point. 2. Children's total sensory processing capacity correlates with behavioral characteristics, the more sensory processing capacity, the more behavioral characteristics. Sensory processing point correlates with behavioral characteristics points except this item, reaction to separation from caretaker. Conclusions : We hope that the children who have behavioral characteristics with difficulties in sensory processing skills can be distinguished on the basis of this studying. Also, as we find and relieve early stage of the symptoms, following study which can present based to facilitate children's social development and improve the learning ability.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.511-536
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• 2017

The present study aims to investigate ways in which pre-service secondary mathematics teachers anticipate 1) students' responses to specific mathematical tasks which are chosen or devised by the participating pre-service teachers as requiring students' higher cognitive demand and, 2) their roles as math teachers to scaffold students' mathematical thinking. To achieve the goal, we had our pre-service teachers to engage in an adapted version of Spangler & Hallman-Thrasher(2014)'s Task Dialogue writing activity whose focus was to develop pre-service elementary teachers' ability to orchestrate mathematical discussion. 14 pre-service teachers who were junior at the time enrolled in the Mathematics Teaching Method Course were subjects of the current study. In-depth analysis of both Task Dialogues which pre-service secondary mathematics teachers wrote and audiotapes of the group discussions while they wrote the dialogues suggests the following results: First, the pre-service secondary teachers anticipated how students would approach a task based on their own teaching experiences. Second, they were challenged not only to anticipate more than one correct students' responses but to generate questions for the predicted correct-responses to bring forth students' divergent thinking. Finally, although they were aware that students' knowledge should be the crucial element guiding their decision-making process in teaching, they tended to lower the cognitive demands of tasks by providing students with too much guidance which brought forth the use of procedural knowledge. The study contributes to the field as it provides insights as to what to attend in designing teacher education course whose goal is to provide a foundation for developing pre-service teachers' ability to effectively orchestrate mathematical discussion.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1033-1053
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• 2011

In the process of establishing the principle of genetics, Mendel discovered problems based on various observations. Mendel's scientific thinking ability can be effective if this ability is embedded in gifted science education programs. The study aims to develop a science gifted education program utilizing Mendel's scientific thinking ability shown in the principles of genetics and examine students' changes in scientific thinking ability before and after the program implementation. For the program development, first, the characteristics of Mendel's scientific thinking ability in the process of establishing the principle of genetics were investigated and extracted the major elements of inquiry. Second, the science gifted education programs was developed by applying the inquiry elements from the Mendel's Law. The program was implemented with 19 students of $7^{th}$, $8^{th}$ graders who attend the science gifted education center affiliated with university during July 2011. The Mendel's scientific thinking ability was classified into induction, deduction, and integration. The elements of inquiry extracted from the Mendel's scientific thinking include making observation, puzzling observation, proposing causal questions, generating hypothesis, drawing inference, designing experiment, gathering and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and making generalization. With applying these elements, the program was developed with four phases: $1^{st}$ - problem finding; $2^{nd}$ - hypothesis generating; $3^{rs}$ - hypothesis testing and $4^{th}$ - problem solving. After implementation, students' changes in scientific thinking ability were measured. The findings from the study are as follows: First, students' abilities of problem finding is significantly (p<.05) increased. Second, students' abilities of hypothesis generating is significantly (pp<.05) increased.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.55-65
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• 2016

Objectives : Mibyeong is a korea medicine have original concept of the disease. However, no previous report has effect of mibyeong herbal medicine in fatigue types of mibyeong. This study investigated the question of whether Dang Gui Bo Hyul-tang(DGBHT) of effect on fatigue types of Mibyeong. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were randomaly divided into three group (n=10). The mice were then group (1) Nocontrol, (2) Restraunt stress(veh), (3) Dang Gui Bo Hyul-tang 200mg/kg. The administered Dang Gui Bo Hyul-tang 200mg/kg or distilled water (orally) 1 hr prior to daily exposure to repeated restraint stress (2 h) for 15 days. The performed behavior test (Mechanical hyperalgesia test,, Open-field test, Forced swimming test, Sucrose preference test and immunostaining and biochemical measured in serum. Results : Stress fatigue induced mices significantly increased lethargic, hyperalgesia through behavior test (Mechanical hyperalgesia test (decrease 43%), Open-field test ($4,809{\pm} 226.13cm$ vs. $3121{\pm}226.64cm$), Forced swimming test ($11.45{\pm}3.96$ vs. $79.10{\pm}8.12sec$), Sucrose preference test (decrease 58%)). In addition, chronic fatigue model evidently increased corticosterone level ($122.54{\pm}18.88$ vs. $186.94{\pm}18.26ng/ml$), AST level ($46.22{\pm}3.23$ vs. $31.40{\pm}3.86U/L$), ALT level ($38.78{\pm}5.72$ vs. $17.60{\pm}1.30$), liver necrosis, lateral ventricle size. These alterations were significantly ameliorated by DGBHT. DGBHT significantly attend the elevated serum concentrations of corticosterone ($155.90{\pm}6.29ng/ml$), AST ($31.40{\pm}3.86U/L$), ALT ($17.60{\pm}1.30U/L$). Moreover, DGBHT improved lethargic, hyperalgesia when compared the stress fatigue (Mechanical hyperalgesia test (improve 28%), Open-field test ($4,038{\pm}615.81cm$), Forced swimming test ($7.56{\pm}1.88sec$), Sucrose preference test (increase 21%) Conclusions : Theses result suggest that DGBHT have improved lethargic, hyperalgesia and fatigue-associated hormone and liver protective on stress fatigue model. It will be necessary to research to present evidences on benefits and effects of Korean medical treatment for Mibyeong through clinical researches based on benefits and effects of those animal models.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3380-3389
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the satisfaction level of university students with Physical Education. general education courses on their exercise adherence, to seek ways of boosting college Physical Education. general education and ultimately to provide some information on how to urge students to keeping getting exercise. The subjects in this study were 486 male and female students who attend university in the city of Daejeon and Chungnam in 2009. After a survey was conducted, the collected data were analyzed with a SPSS 14.0 program. A frequency analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis were carried out. The findings of the study were as follows: as for the relationship of demographic characteristics to satisfaction with Physical Education. general education courses and exercise adherence, there were partially significant gaps in the two regards according to gender, major and academic year. All the subfactors of satisfaction with the instruction had a positive correlation to exercise adherence, and satisfaction with Physical Education. general education courses exerted a great influence on exercise adherence. It implied that better satisfaction with the instruction led to stronger exercise adherence, which suggests how college Physical Education. general education courses should be offered to encourage students to enjoy lifelong sports.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 1989

The purpose of this paper is to provide the basic information concerning school health nursing activities in schools lacking in a school nurse, and the degree of satisfaction of trainess to the training course of school health nursing. The data for this study were collected by means of questionnaire from 150 teachers(100 of primary school and 50 of middle school)who attended the training course superintended by the Board of Education of Kyeong Nam Province from July 27 to August 6 in 1987. The main results of this study can be summarized as following; 1. General characteristics of the trainees: The majority of the trainees (71.3%) were in the age of twenties, 86.5% graduated from four-year teachers' college, 63.5% had less than five-year experience as a teacher. 2. 60.5% of the trainees were actually offering school health nursing services. 67.8% decided voluntarily to participate in the training course, and 62.7% attended the course for the purpose of obtaining health knowledge. 3. Only 4.2% of schools established appropriate health organization, and 34.5% were equipped with nursing clinic. But the main reason school health nursing activities were not performed very well was the insufficient supply of needed medicines and related materials. 4. School health nursing services in schools lacking in a school nurse were offered mainly by the teacher holding additional job of school health. class teacher and atheletic teacher. But the sanitary management for school meal services and community health activities were not carried out at all in many schools. 5. As a whole, trainees were satisfied with training program. But some subjects of the course did not satisfy them because those ones were so theoretical without any practice. 6. Many trainees wished the training course to be more concentrated on case studies which are helpful to solve actual problems. 7. 75% of trainees answered to have decided to perform school health nursing activities more actively than before. 8. Any significant relationship can not be found between trainees' general characteristics and their attitude to school health nursing activities after the training course. Only one factor-motivation to attend the training course-had the statistical significance of 8.7%.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.15-36
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• 1996

It is clear that the women's participation in social activity is dramatically increased in civilian field as well as military profession. Because of the characteristics of military nursing service, there are many difficulties. Frequent move, medical insurance, baby care. and the education are typical forms of difficulties for nurse officers in the military. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the perfect execution of nursing service. guarantee the active attitude for research and improve the combat strength by solving those private and economic problems. The method of research was analysis of question survey and the review of related literatures. The subject of research was 300 active nurse officers who work at the Army Hospitals. The survey was conducted 14 days from Oct 15 to Oct 28. The collected data was processed by computer using SPSS(Statistical Package of Social Science). Frequencies and percentages were used to examine the demographic characteristics of subject, and T-test was also used in the case of necessity. The result showed as follows; As the general characteristics of subject group; 28.7 years of average age, 73.6 months of service period, 63.4% of married. In regard of specialty; General 57.7%. Intensive Care 12.7% and Psychiatries 8.8%. The dissatisfactory factors about military welfare system were the difficulties in children education (36.9%). disadvantages on the civil medical insurance system (27.3%), and little chance of self education and development (21.5%). The problems in performing their duties were shown as dwelling instability due to frequent move (67.7%), and bring up children (14.2%). The reasons for resigning their job were shown as the instability of living status (64.2%), bring up children (18.8%) and dissatisfaction to the service (11.2%). The residential status was shown that military offered houses (45.2%), rental houses (29.3%) and own houses(14.64). The average numbers of moving residencies were; 3-4 time(34.6%), less than 2 times(33.1%), and 5-7 times(21.5%). Higher than 94.7% of the subject group spent more than 50.000 Won. In regard of education, they wanted to attend graduate school with their own expense(26.2%), computer science(20%) and Office Job Training(20%). The ways of taking care of children were mother-in-low(49.6%), mother(14.6%), and others(25%). The average expenditure per month for children were 20-30 hundred Won(44.2%), 10-20 hundred Won(25%) and 30-40 hundred Won(22.3%). The places of children care selected were public or occupational care center(56.2%), religious organization(20.8%), and other center managed by social organizations(10.4%). The result of survey for general welfare of nurse officers are as follows; By and large they seem to be satisfied with their job. however. there are some dissatisfactory factors. They are children care facilties, promotion. income. welfare facilities. disadvantage in medical insurance and civil hospitals. house purchase. unfair chances in specialty training. influence on promotion by educational status. and insufficient role for their children and husbands. As conclusion. the recommendations for improving nursing service are as follows; 1. Children care center managed by occupation 2. Dormitory system for children by military personnel 3. Equal opportunities in education according to ability 4. Reasonable moving price according to the distance and scope of family and extra allowance

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.81-94
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• 2003

This study tries to examine the level of safety consciousness and first aid knowledge of 124 college students who attend non-public health departments in Gwangju from April 1 to 30, 2003 and apply the results of the study to curriculum. The results of this study are as follows; 1. On experiences of need of first-aid, 87.5% of respondents said 'yes' and there was a significant difference in the number of their siblings($x^2$ = 7.482, p = .048). 2. Sources of education of first aid were mostly at school(46.8%), no education(23.4%), through mass communication(22.6%) and by themselves(7.3%). There were significant differences by characteristics in sex($x^2$ = 30.230, p = .000), year($x^2$ = 10.821, p = .013) and mother's education($x^2$ = 18.932, p = .025). 3. Sources of information of first aid were mostly through TV(46.8%), followed by others (42.7%), newspapers(7.3%) and magazines(3.2%). 4. On the opinions of the most suitable period for educating first aid, elementary school was highest(41.9%), followed by kindergarten(29.0%), middle school(21.0%) and high school (8.1%) and there were significant difference by characteristics of subjects in sex($x^2$=9.689, p= .021) and year($x^2$=19.661, p= .000). 5. Score of knowledge level of safety consciousness was mean $71.58{\pm}12.05$ based on Likert 5-point scale with a full mark of 100 points and there was a significance only in current residence of subjects' general characteristics(F or t=3.894, p=.023). 6. Score of knowledge level of first aid was mean $62.73{\pm}13.29$ based on Likert 3-point scale with a full mark of 90 points and there was a significance only in residential type of subjects' general characteristics(F or t=3.058, p= .031). Although college students felt needs of first aid more than middle and high school students, it was found that their actual safety consciousness and knowledge level of first aid were low. Therefore, knowledge and ability should be developed to save human life from all kinds of emergencies and safety accident and first aid subjects should be separated in college curriculum and opportunity for actual education should be given.