• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.569-611
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• 2018

Rapid economic growth, urbanization, and industrialization of China have tremendously degraded the overall quality of living environments, especially the air quality, not only negatively affecting Chinese people but also impacting citizens of neighboring countries, namely Korea. The Chinese government has invested much effort to regulate the air pollution due to burning coal through introducing strict environmental monitoring policies and aggressive implementation. This paper presents an overview of Chinese air pollution prevention policy due to burning coal, and the associated trends and specifics of institutional arrangements regarding air pollutant emission regulations. It turns out that the policies have become stricter than before; some polices are geared towards enforcing extra regulation at the regional level. It is expected that the regulation will become stricter in the future. However, the actual contribution and feasibility of such policies must be analyzed based on sound science. The policies seem to care little about influencing the air quality of Korea, and this has to be improved. In order to do so, it is important to strengthen environmental cooperation between Korea and China, and better yet to research on not only the air quality but also the associated fields, such as energy, industrial technology, and global environmental governance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1 s.114
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• pp.21-36
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• 2006

This study was undertaken to analyze the effects of pavement thermal properties and water retention characteristics on the surface temperature of the gray permeable cement concrete pavement during the summer. Following is a summary of major results. 1) The hourly surface temperature of pavement could be well predicted with a heat transfer model program that incorporated the input data of major meteorological variables including solar radiation, atmospheric temperature, dew point, wind velocity, cloudiness and the evaporation rate of the pavements predicted by the time domain reflectometry (TDR) method. 2) When the albedo was changed to 0.5 from an arbitrary starting condition of 0.3, holding other variables constant, the peak surface temperature of the pavement dropped by 11.5%. When heat capacity was changed to $2.5\;kJm^{-3}K^{-1}\;from\;1.5\;kJm^{-3}K^{-1}$, surface temperature dropped by 8.0%. When daily evaporation was changed to 1 mm from 2 mm, temperature dropped by 5.7%. When heat conductivity was changed to $2.5\;Wm^{-1}K^{-1}\;from\;1.5\;Wm^{-1}K^{-1}$, the peak surface temperature of the pavement fell by 1.2%. The peak pavement surface temperature under the arbitrary basic condition was $24.46^{\circ}C$ (12 a.m.). 3) It accordingly became evident that the pavement surface temperature can be most effectively lowered by using materials with a high albedo, a high heat capacity or a high evaporation at the pavement surface. The glare situation, however, is intensified by raising of the albedo, moreover if reflected light is absorbed into surrounding physical masses, it is changed into heat. It accordingly became evident that raising the heat capacity and the evaporative capacity may be the moot acceptable measures to improve the thermal characteristics of the pavement. 4) The sensitivity of the surface temperature to major meteorological variables was as follows. When the daily average temperature changed to $0^{\circ}C\;from\;15^{\circ}C$, holding all other variables constant, the peak surface temperature of the pavement decreased by 56.1 %. When the global solar radiation changed to $200\;Wm^{-2}\;from\;600\;Wm^{-2}$, the temperature of the pavement decreased by 23.4%. When the wind velocity changed to $8\;ms^{-1}\;from\;4\;ms^{-1}$, the temperature decreased by 1.4%. When the cloudiness level changed to 1.0 from 0.5, the peak surface temperature decreased by 0.7%. The peak pavement surface temperature under the arbitrary basic conditions was $24.46^{\circ}C$ (12 a.m.)

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2019

Fine particulate matter known as PM 2.5 refers to the atmospheric particulate matter that has a diameter less than 2.5 micrometer identified as dangerous element for human health and its concentration can provide us a clear picture about air dust concentration. Humans stay indoor almost 90% of their life time and also there is no official indoor dust concentration data, so our study is focused on measuring the indoor air quality. Indoor dust data monitoring is very important in hospital environments beside that other places can also be considered for monitoring like classrooms, cements factories, computer server rooms, petrochemical storage etc. In this paper, visible light communication system is proposed by Manchester encoding technique for electromagnetic interference (EMI)-free indoor dust monitoring. Important indoor environment information like dust concentration is transferred by visible light channel in wide range. An average voltage-tracking technique is utilized for robust light detection to eliminate ambient light and low-frequency noise. The incoming light is recognized by a photo diode and are simultaneously processed by a receiver micro-controller. We can monitor indoor air quality in real-time and can take necessary action according to the result.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.39-50
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• 2009

Portland cement production is under critical review due to high amount of $CO_2$ gas released to the atmosphere. Attempts to increase the utilization of fly ash, a by-products from thermal power plant to partially replace the cement in concrete are gathering momentum. But most of fly ash is currently dumped in landfills, thus creating a threat to the environment. Many researches on alkali-activated concrete that does not need the presence of cement as a binder have been carried out recently. Instead, the source of material such as fly ash, that are rich in Silicon(Si) and Aluminium(Al), are activated by alkaline liquids to produce the binder. Hence concrete with no cement is effective in the reduction of $CO_2$ gas. In this study, we investigated the influence of the compressive strength of mortar on alkaline activator and curing condition in order to develop cementless fly ash based alkali-activated concrete. In view of the results, we found out that it was possible for us to make alkali-activated mortar with 70MPa at the age of 28days by using alkaline activator manufactured as 1:1 the mass ratio of 9M NaOH and sodium silicate and applying the atmospheric curing after high temperature at $60^{\circ}C$ for 48hours.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.571-586
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• 2014

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides air temperature (Tair) and dew point temperature (Tdew) profiles at a spatial resolution of 5 km. New Collection 6 (C006) MODIS07_L2 atmospheric profile product has been produced since 2012. The Collection 6 algorithm has several modifications from the previous Collection 5 (C005) algorithm. This study evaluated reliabilities of two alternative datasets of surface-level Tair and Tdew derived from C005 and C006 Aqua MODIS07_L2 (MYD07_L2) products using ground measured temperatures from 77 National Weather Stations (NWS). Saturated and actual vapor pressures were calculated using MYD07_L2 Tair and Tdew. The C006 Tair showed lower mean error (ME, -0.76 K) and root mean square error (RMSE, 3.34 K) than the C005 Tair (ME = -1.89 K, RMSE = 4.06 K). In contrasts, ME and RMSE of C006 Tdew were higher than those (ME = -0.39 K, RMSE = 5.65 K) of C005 product. Application of ambient lapse rate for Tair showed appreciable improvements of estimation accuracy for both of C005 and C006, though this modification slightly increased errors in C006 Tdew. The C006 products provided better estimation of vapor pressure datasets than the C005-derived vapor pressure. Our results indicate that, except for Tdew, C006 MYD07_L2 product showed better reliability for the region of South Korea than the C005 products.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.46-58
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• 2017

Objectives: Particulate matter (PM) at construction sites mostly originates from either construction activities or the atmospheric environment. This study was conducted to evaluate the exposure level to PM and the contribution ratio of atmosphere sources at construction sites. Methods: We reviewed literature and governmental systems related to PM exposure in occupational settings and summarized them. In the field evaluation, five construction sites and one golf course were selected: two from Gyeonggi-do Province and four from North Gyeongsang-do Province. For each site, personal samples from outdoor construction workers and area samples from the outdoor area around the construction site office were collected according to construction work types. PM concentrations reported from nearby National Ambient Air Monitoring Stations were recorded. Respirable dust concentrations, respirable silica concentrations, and several metal concentrations including Cd, Cr, Pb, and As were monitored over four months. In the end we suggested how to manage particulate matter exposure at construction sites. Results: There was little literature reporting on exposure levels of construction workers to PM. Respirable dust concentrations measured in Gyeonggi-do Province were higher than those measured in North Gyeongsang-do Province. The geometric means of respirable dust concentrations in personal samples and area samples were $37.89{\mu}g/m^3$ and $92.86{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The respirable dust concentrations were higher than the PM concentrations reported from nearby National Ambient Air Monitoring Station. The geometric means of respirable silica concentrations of personal samples and area samples were $1.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.1{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. All metal concentrations were lower than 10% of individual Korean occupational exposure limits. Conclusions: Assuming that personal samples consisted of ambient PM and dust originating from work activities and area samples only collected ambient PM, we concluded that the dust exposure of outdoor construction workers originated 40.8% from the atmosphere and 59.2% from construction activities. PM exposure at construction sites should be controlled by employers, as in the case of outdoor heat stress. The Korean government needs to consider setting an occupational exposure limit for respirable dust.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.332-339
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• 2012

Horizontal distributions and their ecotoxicological implications relating to organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in surface sediments sampled from the West Nakdong River. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in surface sediments were in the range of 0.57-3.68, 0.41-8.35, 0.63-1.65, and n.d.-0.56 ng/g, respectively. DDTs represent the major OC in the West Nakdong River. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs correlate with the total organic carbon (PCBs: r=0.874, p<0.001, and DDTs: r=0.762, p<0.05, respectively), indicating that organic content in the sediments is one of the major factors for influencing horizontal distribution of the organochlorine compounds in this river. Examining the potential poisonous character of the surface sediments to benthic organisms according to the sediment quality guideline (SQG), set out by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), we found that the concentrations of total PCBs, p,p'-DDD, and ${\gamma}$-HCH were lower than the effects range-low (ER-L) and the probable effects level (PEL). As a result, it is considered that the effect of organochlorines in the region considered on benthic organisms is very low from the perspective of environmental toxicology. However, in terms of the Canadian SQC, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and total DDTs, respectively, exceeded the interim sediment quality guidelines (ISQG) and the threshold effect level (TEL) in 30%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, of the sediment samples analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.341-369
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• 2005

Hyperspectral images have emerged as a new and promising remote sensing data that can overcome the limitations of existing optical image data. This study was designed to provide a comprehensive review on definition, data processing methods, and applications of hyperspectral data. Various types of airborne, spaceborne, and field hyperspectral image sensors were surveyed from the available literatures and internet search. To understand the current status of hyperspectral remote sensing technology and research development, we collected several hundreds research papers from international journals (IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing of Environment and AVIRIS Workshop Proceedings), and categorized them by sensor types, data processing techniques, and applications. Although several hyperspectral sensors have been developing, AVIRIS has been a primary data source that the most hyperspectral remote sensing researches were relied on. Since hyperspectral data have very large data volume with many spectral bands, several data processing techniques that are particularly oriented to hyperspectral data have been developed. Although atmospheric correction, spectral mixture analysis, and spectral feature extraction are among those processing techniques, they are still in experimental stage and need further refinement until the fully operational adaptation. Geology and mineral exploration were major application in early stage of hyperspectral sensing because of the distinct spectral features of rock and minerals that could be easily observed with hyperspectral data. The applications of hyperspectral sensing have been expanding to vegetation, water resources, and military areas where the multispectral sensing was not very effective to extract necessary information.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1035-1039
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• 2010

For 65 national forest areas in 1993 to 2008, the ambient sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) concentrations were measured monthly using passive samplers and compared to the those of urban areas in order to investigate the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution. In the forest areas, annual average concentration of sulfur dioxide gradually decreased from the beginning year of monitoring to 1997 and then had no significant change, such as the annual trend in urban areas monitored by Ministry of Environment. For the monitoring term, average concentration of sulfur dioxide in the forest areas was 5.6ppb, which was lower than the 10.1ppb in the urban areas and the EC ecological standard level (7.6 ppb). Seasonally, both in forest areas and urban areas the monthly average concentrations were much higher in winter and spring due to much more heating fuel consumption, and lowest in summer. Regional comparison to other regions of Gyeongbuk and Gyeonggi province showed that the concentration of sulfur dioxide was the highest during year. A significant positive correlation between sulfur oxides' emissions and sulfur dioxide concentration by province was observed, reflecting that the size and proximity of sources of atmospheric sulfur oxides could be important factors in determination.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_1
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• pp.1215-1227
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• 2021

Surface reflectance, as a product of the absolute atmospheric correction process of low-orbit satellite imagery, is the basic data required for accurate vegetation analysis. The Commission on Earth Observation Satellite (CEOS) has conducted research and guidance to produce analysis-ready data (ARD) on surface reflectance products for immediate use by users. However, this trend is still in the early stages of research dealing with ARD for high-resolution multispectral images such as KOMPSAT-3A and CAS-500, as it targets medium- to low-resolution satellite images. This study first summarizes the types of distribution of ARD data according to existing cases. The link between Open Data Cube (ODC), the cloud-based satellite image application platforms, and ARD data was also explained. As a result, we present practical ARD deployment steps for high-resolution satellite images and several types of application models in the conceptual level for high-resolution satellite images deployed in ODC and cloud environments. In addition, data pricing policies, accuracy quality issue, platform applicability, cloud environment issues, and international cooperation regarding the proposed implementation and application model were discussed. International organizations related to Earth observation satellites, such as Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), are continuing to develop system technologies and standards for the spread of ARD and ODC, and these achievements are expanding to the private sector. Therefore, a satellite-holder country looking for worldwide markets for satellite images must develop a strategy to respond to this international trend.