• 제목/요약/키워드: Atherosclerotic plaque

검색결과 55건 처리시간 0.027초

Nonhomogeneous atherosclerotic plaque analysis via enhanced 1D structural models

  • Varello, Alberto;Carrera, Erasmo
    • Smart Structures and Systems
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.659-683
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    • 2014
  • The static analysis of structures with arbitrary cross-section geometry and material lamination via a refined one-dimensional (1D) approach is presented in this paper. Higher-order 1D models with a variable order of expansion for the displacement field are developed on the basis of Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF). Classical Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories are obtained as particular cases of the first-order model. Numerical results of displacement, strain and stress are provided by using the finite element method (FEM) along the longitudinal direction for different configurations in excellent agreement with three-dimensional (3D) finite element solutions. In particular, a layered thin-walled cylinder is considered as first assessment with a laminated conventional cross-section. An atherosclerotic plaque is introduced as a typical structure with arbitrary cross-section geometry and studied for both the homogeneous and nonhomogeneous material cases through the 1D variable kinematic models. The analyses highlight limitations of classical beam theories and the importance of higher-order terms in accurately detecting in-plane cross-section deformation without introducing additional numerical problems. Comparisons with 3D finite element solutions prove that 1D CUF provides remarkable three-dimensional accuracy in the analysis of even short and nonhomogeneous structures with arbitrary geometry through a significant reduction in computational cost.

Bioactive Sphingolipids as Major Regulators of Coronary Artery Disease

  • Song, Jae-Hwi;Kim, Goon-Tae;Park, Kyung-Ho;Park, Woo-Jae;Park, Tae-Sik
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제29권4호
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    • pp.373-383
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    • 2021
  • Atherosclerosis is the deposition of plaque in the main arteries. It is an inflammatory condition involving the accumulation of macrophages and various lipids (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, ceramide, S1P). Moreover, endothelial cells, macrophages, leukocytes, and smooth muscle cells are the major players in the atherogenic process. Sphingolipids are now emerging as important regulators in various pathophysiological processes, including the atherogenic process. Various sphingolipids exist, such as the ceramides, ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingosine, sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), sphingomyelin, and hundreds of glycosphingolipids. Among these, ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and S1P play important roles in the atherogenic processes. The atherosclerotic plaque consists of higher amounts of ceramide, glycosphingolipids, and sphingomyelin. The inhibition of the de novo ceramide biosynthesis reduces the development of atherosclerosis. S1P regulates atherogenesis via binding to the S1P receptor (S1PR). Among the five S1PRs (S1PR1-5), S1PR1 and S1PR3 mainly exert anti-atherosclerotic properties. This review mainly focuses on the effects of ceramide and S1P via the S1PR in the development of atherosclerosis. Moreover, it discusses the recent findings and potential therapeutic implications in atherosclerosis.

Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy for Simultaneous 3-D Label-Free and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Biological Samples

  • Park, Joo Hyun;Lee, Eun-Soo;Lee, Jae Yong;Lee, Eun Seong;Lee, Tae Geol;Kim, Se-Hwa;Lee, Sang-Won
    • Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.551-557
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    • 2014
  • In this study, we demonstrated multimodal nonlinear optical (NLO) microscopy integrated simultaneously with two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), second-harmonic generation (SHG), and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) in order to obtain targeted cellular and label-free images in an immunofluorescence assay of the atherosclerotic aorta from apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. The multimodal NLO microscope used two laser systems: picosecond (ps) and femtosecond (fs) pulsed lasers. A pair of ps-pulsed lights served for CARS (817 nm and 1064 nm) and SHG (817 nm) images; light from the fs-pulsed laser with the center wavelength of 720 nm was incident into the sample to obtain autofluorescence and targeted molecular TPEF images for high efficiency of fluorescence intensity without cross-talk. For multicolor-targeted TPEF imaging, we stained smooth-muscle cells and macrophages with fluorescent dyes (Alexa Fluor 350 and Alexa Fluor 594) for an immunofluorescence assay. Each depth-sectioned image consisted of $512{\times}512$ pixels with a field of view of $250{\times}250{\mu}m^2$, a lateral resolution of $0.4{\mu}m$, and an axial resolution of $1.3{\mu}m$. We obtained composite multicolor images with conventional label-free NLO images and targeted TPEF images in atherosclerotic-plaque samples. Multicolor 3-D imaging of atherosclerotic-plaque structural and functional composition will be helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.

심장전산화단층촬영을 이용한 관상동맥 죽상경화반의 분류 : 혈관내초음파 결과를 통한 후향적 분석 (Analysis of Coronary Artery Atheromatous Plaque by Cardiac Computed Tomographic Angiography : Retrospective Analysis of Intravascular Ultrasound Results)

  • 최재성;한재복;최남길
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제12권10호
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    • pp.349-356
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    • 2012
  • 관상동맥 죽상경화반(atheromatous plaque)의 진단에 있어 혈관내초음파(Intravascular Ultrasound: IVUS)와 비교하여 심장전산화단층촬영(Cardiac Computed Tomographic Angiography: CCTA)의 진단 정확도를 알아보고, IVUS에서 발견된 죽상경화반의 성상을 CCTA에서 전산화단층촬영 수치(Hounsfield Unit: HU)로 구하고자 하였다. 2006년 4월부터 2008년 8월까지 관상동맥질환(Coronary Artery Disease: CAD)으로 확진 되었거나 CAD가 의심스러운 환자들 중 CCTA를 시행하여 죽상경화반을 발견하고 추후 IVUS를 시행한 200명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. CCTA후 IVUS를 시행한 200명의 환자에서 476개의 죽상경화반이 발견되었으며, CCTA에서는 460개의 죽상경화반이 발견되었다. IVUS의 결과는 soft plaque(n; 84), fibrous plaque(n; 63), mixed plaque(n; 97), calcific plaque(n; 232)이었다. 이 결과에 따라 IVUS에서 분류된 죽상경화반의 HU는 soft plaque : $53.8{\pm}10.5$, fibrous plaque : $108.1{\pm}20.0$, mixed plaque : $371.2{\pm}113.1$, 그리고 calcific plaque : $731.0{\pm}160.4$ 이었으며, CCTA에서 민감도와 신뢰구간은 97%, 95.0-98.3이었다. CCTA를 이용한 관상동맥 죽상경화반의 진단을 위한 이번 연구에서 IVUS와 비교하여 높은 민감도와 신뢰구간을 확인할 수 있었고, IVUS 결과를 기준으로 CCTA에서 분석한 HU를 통해 죽상경화반의 성상을 구분할 수 있어 CAD 환자의 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

조직병리와 비교한 죽상경화반의 가돌리니움 조영증강 자기공명영상: 토끼 대동맥을 이용한 생체 실험 (Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaques in Comparison with Histopathology: An In Vivo Study in Aorta of Rabbits)

  • 최병욱;허진;이혜정;김영진;김태훈;최규옥
    • Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.81-87
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    • 2009
  • 목적: 죽상경화반 유발 토끼 대동맥에서 자기공명영상을 이용하여 가돌리니움 조영제에 대한 경화반의 조영증강에 어떤 특징이 있는지 알아보고, 경화반 취약성의 대표적인 두 특징인 조직병리학적인 지질풍부 성분과 대식세포 풍부 성분과 비교하여 조영증강이 어떤 조직 소견에서 기인하는지 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 뉴질랜드 흰토끼 (4마리, 무게 3.0 $\sim$ 3.5 kg, 수컷)를 죽상경화반 모델로 사용하였다. 고콜레스테롤식이와 이중 풍선 손상을 이용하여 대동맥 죽상경화반을 유발하였다. 3-T 자기공명영상을 사용하여 가돌리니움 조영제를 투여하기 전과 후에 T1-강조영상을 얻었다. 자기공명영상과 상응하는 조직병리절편 (n=35)을 4개나 3개의 구역으로 나누었다 (n=130). 자기공명영상에서의 조영증강비 (ER, ER=SIpost/SIpre)를 각 구역마다 계산하여 조직병리의 지질풍부영역과 대식세포 풍부 영역과 비교하였다. 결과: 지질풍부 구역은 72개였고 섬유성구역은 58개였다. 대식세포풍부영역을 포함한 구역은 105개였고 포함하지 않은 구역은 25개였다. 조영증강비는 섬유성구역보다 지질풍부구역에서 높았다 (평균 조영증강비 2.25 $\pm$ 0.41 vs. 2.72 $\pm$ 0.65, p=0.013). 조영증강비는 지질성분을 제어했을 때 대식세포풍부영역과 잘 비례하지 않았다 (correlation coefficient -0.203, p=0.236). 결론: 표준 가돌리니움 기반의 세포외 조영제를 사용하였을 때 지질풍부 경화반은 섬유성 경화반보다 강한 조영증강을 보였다. 대식세포 침윤은 조영증강 정도와 비례하지 않았다. 초기부터 진행된 병기의 다양한 경화반 모델을 사용하고 조영증강과 관련된 모든 가능한 인자를 사용하여 조영제 투여 후 최적의 영상획득 시간을 결정하는 연구가 필요하다.

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Extract of high hydrostatic pressure-treated danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) ameliorates atherosclerosis via autophagy induction

  • Ko, Minjeong;Oh, Goo Taeg;Park, Jiyong;Kwon, Ho Jeong
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제53권12호
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    • pp.652-657
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    • 2020
  • Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is a traditional medicinal plant widely used in Asian countries for its pharmacological activities (e.g., amelioration of cardiovascular diseases). In this study, we investigated the anti-atherosclerotic activity of raw danshen root extract prepared using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at 550 MPa for 5 min and hot water extraction. This method was useful for elimination of bacteria from cultured danshen plants and for better extraction yield of active principles. The HHP-treated danshen extract (HDE) inhibited proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and induced autophagy that was assessed by LC3 conversion and p62 degradation. HDE suppressed foam cell formation in oxLDL-induced RAW264.7 macrophages; lysosomal activity simultaneously increased, measured by acridine orange staining. HDE also reduced atherosclerotic plaque development in vivo in apolipoprotein E knock-out (ApoE-/-) mice fed a high cholesterol diet. Taken together, these results indicated that HDE exhibited anti-atherosclerotic activity via autophagy induction.

Targeting the culprit: vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating stroke

  • Kim, Seung Min;Ha, Sang Hee;Kwon, Hanim;Kim, Yeon Jung;Ahn, Sung Ho;Kim, Bum Joon
    • Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.17-28
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    • 2021
  • The pathogenesis of many strokes originates in the vessel wall. Despite this, most traditional imaging focuses on the vascular lumen. Vessel-wall magnetic resonance imaging (VWMRI) is useful for establishing the etiology of intracranial stenosis. It also provides information regarding atherosclerotic plaque composition and thus plaque vulnerability, which is an indication of its potential to cause a stroke. In this review we focus on the characteristics of VWMRI findings in various arteriopathies related to intracranial artery stenosis, and discuss the clinical implications of these findings.

급성 관상동맥 증후군을 가진 환자에서 심장 CT의 역할 (The Potential Role of Cardiac CT in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome)

  • 이상현;추기석
    • 대한영상의학회지
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    • 제83권1호
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    • pp.28-41
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    • 2022
  • 급성 관상동맥 증후군은 관상동맥 경화반의 갑작스러운 파열과 관련된 3가지 유형의 관상동맥 질환을 의미하며 임상적으로는 ST 분절 상승 심근경색에서 비 ST 분절 상승 심근경색 또는 불안정성 협심증 등으로 표현된다. 심장 CT의 기술 발전을 통해 심장 CT는 관상동맥 내 죽상동맥경화반의 정량화 및 특성을 평가할 수 있게 되었으며, 현재까지 낮은 감쇠의 경화반, 냅킨 반지 표시, 양성 리모델링, 점상 석회화 및 증가된 혈관 주변 지방 감쇠가 심장 CT에서 경화반 파열을 의미하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 심장 CT는 관상동맥의 혈관협착정도를 진단하는 것을 넘어 급성 관상동맥 증후군을 진단하는데도 많은 기여를 하고 있다.

안정형 협심증의 병태생리 및 관상동맥 CT 혈관조영술의 역할 (Pathophysiology and Role of Coronary CT Angiography in Stable Angina)

  • 이종은;박혜미;임용환;정원기;김윤현
    • 대한영상의학회지
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    • 제83권1호
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    • pp.42-53
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    • 2022
  • 관상동맥질환의 임상적인 개념은 지난 10년 동안 패러다임의 변화를 보여왔다. 관상동맥질환은 대부분 진행성 질환이며, 관상동맥질환 환자는 질병 진행의 어느 시점에서도 급성 관상동맥 증후군에 직면할 수 있다. 이러한 임상적 맥락에서 2019년 유럽심장학회 가이드라인에서는 조기 진단과 꾸준한 관리가 필요한 관상동맥질환의 임상적인 중요성을 반영하여 "만성관상동맥증후군"이라는 용어의 사용을 발표하였다. 최근 관상동맥 전산화단층촬영 혈관조영술을 이용한 관상동맥질환의 평가는 많은 발전을 이루었고, 안정형 협심증 또는 만성 관상동맥증후군 환자에서 관상동맥 전산화단층촬영 혈관조영술의 임상적 유용성은 초기 무증상 관상동맥질환의 발견에서부터 죽상경화판의 특성 분석 및 관상동맥질환의 치료 전략 결정에 도움을 주는 역할까지 관상동맥질환의 다양한 단계에 걸쳐 입증되고 있다. 이 종설에서는 안정형 협심증 환자의 이해를 돕는 병태생리를 설명하고 이에 대한 관상동맥 전산화단층촬영의 임상적 적용과 역할에 대해 알아보고자 한다.

Prognostic Value of Coronary CT Angiography for Predicting Poor Cardiac Outcome in Stroke Patients without Known Cardiac Disease or Chest Pain: The Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in Stroke Patients Study

  • Sung Hyun Yoon;Eunhee Kim;Yongho Jeon;Sang Yoon Yi;Hee-Joon Bae;Ik-Kyung Jang;Joo Myung Lee;Seung Min Yoo;Charles S. White;Eun Ju Chun
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • 제21권9호
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    • pp.1055-1064
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    • 2020
  • Objective: To assess the incremental prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in comparison to a clinical risk model (Framingham risk score, FRS) and coronary artery calcium score (CACS) for future cardiac events in ischemic stroke patients without chest pain. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 1418 patients with acute stroke who had no previous cardiac disease and underwent CCTA, including CACS. Stenosis degree and plaque types (high-risk, non-calcified, mixed, or calcified plaques) were assessed as CCTA variables. High-risk plaque was defined when at least two of the following characteristics were observed: low-density plaque, positive remodeling, spotty calcification, or napkin-ring sign. We compared the incremental prognostic value of CCTA for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) over CACS and FRS. Results: The prevalence of any plaque and obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) (stenosis ≥ 50%) were 70.7% and 30.2%, respectively. During the median follow-up period of 48 months, 108 patients (7.6%) experienced MACE. Increasing FRS, CACS, and stenosis degree were positively associated with MACE (all p < 0.05). Patients with high-risk plaque type showed the highest incidence of MACE, followed by non-calcified, mixed, and calcified plaque, respectively (log-rank p < 0.001). Among the prediction models for MACE, adding stenosis degree to FRS showed better discrimination and risk reclassification compared to FRS or the FRS + CACS model (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, incorporating plaque type in the prediction model significantly improved reclassification (integrated discrimination improvement, 0.08; p = 0.023) and showed the highest discrimination index (C-statistics, 0.85). However, the addition of CACS on CCTA with FRS did not add to the prediction ability for MACE (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Assessment of stenosis degree and plaque type using CCTA provided additional prognostic value over CACS and FRS to risk stratify stroke patients without prior history of CAD better.