• Korean Journal of Anesthesiology
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• v.71 no.6
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• pp.459-466
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• 2018

Background: To compare the effects of intraoperative infusions of balanced electrolyte solution (BES)-based hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and saline-based albumin on metabolic acidosis and acid/base changes during major abdominal surgery conducted using Stewart's approach. Methods: Forty patients, aged 20-65 years, undergoing major abdominal surgery, were randomly assigned to the HES group (n = 20; received 500 ml of BES-based 6% HES 130/0.4) or the albumin group (n = 20; received 500 ml of normal saline-based 5% albumin). Acid-base parameters were measured and calculated using results obtained from arterial blood samples taken after anesthesia induction (T1), 2 hours after surgery commencement (T2), immediately after surgery (T3), and 1 hour after arriving at a postanesthetic care unit (T4). Results: Arterial pH in the HES group was significantly higher than that in the albumin group at T3 ($7.40{\pm}0.04$ vs. $7.38{\pm}0.04$, P = 0.043), and pH values exhibited significant intergroup difference over time (P = 0.002). Arterial pH was significantly lower at T3 and T4 in the HES group and at T2, T3, and T4 in the albumin group than at T1. Apparent strong ion difference (SIDa) was significantly lower at T2, T3, and T4 than at T1 in both groups. Total plasma weak nonvolatile acid ($A_{TOT}$) was significantly lower in the HES group than in the albumin group at T2, T3 and T4 and exhibited a significant intergroup difference over time (P < 0.001). Conclusions: BES-based 6% HES infusion was associated with lower arterial pH values at the end of surgery than saline-based 5% albumin infusion, but neither colloid caused clinically significant metabolic acidosis (defined as an arterial pH < 7.35).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 1990

The mitotic cycle duration and component plase periods of rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Sumjinbyeo and Seokwangbyeo') root merisem cells at 15, 20, and 30$^{\circ}C$ were determined the use of tritiated thymidine, In this work, the time interval between the maxima of sequential mitotic appearances of marked cells was used to estimate the mitotic cycle duration (MCD) of rice, The MCD of rice of the cultivar 'Sumjinbyeo' and 'Seokwangbyeo' at 20. and 30$^{\circ}C$ was 12. and 20hr, respectively. But the MCD of 'Sumjinbyeo' and 'Seokwangbyeo' was 18 and 20hr, at 15$^{\circ}C$. respectively. The MCD decreased with increasing temperature, The duration of component phase of rice cultivar 'Seokwangbyeo' were essentially the same ratio at 20$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$. but in 'Sumjinbyeo' cultivar the ratio of $G_1$ period was almost doubled while those of $G_2$ and M were decreased by almost two times at 20$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein synthesis were reduced with increasing temperature from 15$^{\circ}C$ to 30$^{\circ}C$ while the MCD was decreased, This result suggest that DNA, RNA and protein synthesis may not affect the MCD from 15$^{\circ}C$ to 30$^{\circ}C$ in rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.401-407
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to know the differences of MR spectra, obtained from normal volunteers by variable TE value, through the quantitative analysis of brain metabolites by peak integral and SNR between 1.5T and 3.0T, together with PRESS and STEAM pulse sequence. Single-voxel MR proton spectra of the human brain obtained from normal volunteers at both 3.0T MR system (Magnetom Trio, SIEMENS, Germany) and 1.5T MR system (Signa Twinspeed, GE, USA) using the STEAM and PRESS pulse sequence. 10 healthy volunteers (3.0T:3 males, 2 females; 1.5T : 3 males, 2 females) with the range from 22 to 30 years old (mean 26 years) participated in our study. They had no personal or familial history of neurological diseases and had a normal neurological examination. Data acquisition parameters were closely matched between the two field strengths. Spectra were recorded in the white matter of the occipital lobe. Spectra were compared in terms of resolution and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), and echo time(TE) were estimated at both field strengths. Imaging parameters was used for acquisition of the proton spectrum were as follow : TR 2000msec, TE 30ms, 40ms, 50ms, 60ms, 90ms, 144ms, 288ms, NA=96, VOI=$20{\times}20{\times}20mm3$. As the echo times were increased, the spectra obtained from 3.0T and 1.5T show decreased peak integral and SNR at both pulse sequence. PRESS pulse sequence shows higher SNR and signal intensity than those of STEAM. Especially, Spectra in normal volunteers at 3.0T demonstrated significantly improved overall SNR and spectral resolution compared to 1.5T(Fig1). The spectra acquired at short echo time, 3T MR system shows a twice improvement in SNR compared to 1.5T MR system(Table. 1). But, there was no significant difference between 3.0Tand 1.5T at long TE It is concluded that PRESS and short TE is useful for quantification of the brain metabolites at 3.0T MRS, our standardized protocol for quantification of the brain metabolites at 3.0T MRS is useful to evaluate the brain diseases by monitoring the systematic changes of biochemical metabolites concentration in vivo.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-23
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• 2011

Amorphous Ti-(50-x)Ni-xCu (at%) (x = 20, 25, 27, 30) alloy ribbons were prepared by melt spinning. Subsequently, the crystallization behavior of the alloy ribbons was investigated by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. ${\Delta}T$ (the temperature gap between $T_g$ and $T_x$) increased from 33 K to 47 K and the wavenumber ($Q_p$) decreased from 29.44 $nm^{-1}$ to 29.29 $nm^{-1}$ with increasing Cu content from 20 at% to 30 at%. The activation energy for crystallization decreased from 188.5 kJ/mol to 170.6 kJ/mol with increasing Cu content from 20 at% to 25 at%; afterwards, the activation energy remained near constant. Crystallization occurred in two-stage: amorphous-B2-$TiCu_2$ in Ti-Ni-Cu alloys with Cu content less than 25 at%, while it occurred in three-stage; amorphous-B2-TiCu-$TiCu_2$ in Ti-Ni-Cu alloys with Cu content more than 27 at%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 1997

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate growth characteristics, dry matter yield and crude protein yield according to different planting dates at sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(SSH) and soybean intercropping. Planting dates were five treatment of may 6(Tl), may 13(T2), may 20(T3), may 27(T4) and june 3(T5), and cutting frequency was two times a year. 1. Plant length of SSH was the highest at T2 as 253cm, but T5 was the shortest as 203cm. In the soybean, T3 and T4 were the highest as 113cm, respectively. Leaf length of SSH was high at T5. In the soybean, T2 was the highest as 17cm. Average leaf width of T2, T3 and T4 was higher than TI and T5. 2. Leaf number of T3(SSH and soybean) was higher than other treatments, Stem diameter of SSH and soybean showed the highest as 12.3mm and 8.6mrn at T5 and T3, respectively. In the SSY mean stem hardness of TI was the highest as 2.5kg/$cm^2$, but soybean was the highest at T1(8.0kg/$cm^2$) 3. Deed stubble according to move seeding date of SSH were 11.4 percentage at TI, and 3.9 percentage at T5 treatment. 4. Total dry matter yield according to move seeding date was the highest at T3 as 20,937kghq but T5 of late seeding was the lowest as 16,04Okgha(P < 0.05). 5. In the first cutting time, protein content of SSH was the highest at T3 as 9.9 percentage, but T1 was the lowest as 8.4 percentage. In the 2nd cutting, T5 was the highest as 8.7% but T1 was the lowest as 6.2%. In the soybean, T5 was the highest as 19.4% but TI of early seeding was the lowest as 16.2 percentage. Crude protein yield was the highest at T3 as 2,233.5kghq but TI of early seeding was the lowest as 1,579.7kgha (P < 0.05). As mentioned above the results, T2(may 13), T3(may 20) and T4(may 27) treatment could be recommended as the best suitable seeding date when drymatter and protein yield were considered.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2013

Vegetables production in greenhouse are typically intensely managed with high inputs of fertilizers and irrigation water, which increases the risk of ground-water nitrate contamination. In 2010 and 2011, a study was conducted to determine the appropriate depth of soil moisture sensor for automatic irrigation control to use water and nitrogen efficiently under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems. The irrigation line for SDI placed 30 cm below soil surface and tensiometer was used as soil moisture sensor. Three tensiometer treatments placed at 10 (SDI-T10), 20 (SDI-T20) and 30 cm (SDI-T30) depths below soil surface under SDI. These are also compared to SUR-T20 treatment where tensiometer placed at 20 cm below soil surface under surface drip irrigation (SUR) systems. The growth of cucumber was not statistically different between SUR and SDI without SDI-T30 treatment. Fruit yields (Mg/ha) were 57.0 and 56.9 (SDI-T10), 56.0 and 60.5 (SDI-T20), 40.9 and 41.2 (SDI-T30) and 56.6 and 54.3 (SUR-T20) for 2010 and 2011, respectively. Slightly higher total yield was observed in tensiometer placed 20 cm below the soil surface, although no significant differences were found between SDI-T10 and SDI-T20 under SDI treatments. In addition, nitrogen application rates and daily irrigation rates were lowest in SDI-T20 compared with other SDIs and SUR treatments. Nitrogen and daily irrigation application under SDI-T20 was lower than that under SUR-T20 by 6.0%. These findings suggested tensiometer 20 cm depth under SDI systems was best for cucumber production in greenhouse.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.367-371
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• 2019

In this study, the author observed the fungal characteristics of T. verrucosum which is commonly known as the cattle ringworm fungus in the farms of Hoengseong, Gangwon-do. After isolating 20 strains of T. verrucosum from cattle, they were cultured on SDA, PDA media and the fungal characteristics were concluded through visual observation of the colonies, microscopic findings, hair perforation test and urease test. The size of the colonies cultured on SDA media at 37 C was on an average 5 mm at 1 week, 33 mm at 2 weeks, 42 mm at 3 weeks and 58 mm after 4 weeks. Observing the characteristics of the colonies, 17 strains of T. album showing central bold radial folds, 2 strains of T. ochraceum having l throughout the colonies and 1 strain of T. discoides with rapid growth rate and gray-white cotton patterns were found. On microscopic observations of the cultured colonies on SDA, PDA media, macroconidia and microconidia were not found in T. verrucosum and hyphae and chlamydospore were only seen in T. album types. Out of 20 strains of T. verrucosum, hair perforation test was positive on only 3 strains and urease test was positive on all of the 20 strains.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.555-556
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• 2006

In this paper, we have proposed a novel process using two-step electron beam lithography to fabricate 20 nm T-gates for high performance MODFETs. Two-step lithography reduces electron forward scattering by defining the foot on a thin (100 nm) bottom-layer of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) at the second step, the T-gate head having been developed at the first step. Adopting a low temperature development technique for the second step reduces the detrimental effect of head exposure on foot definition. We have shown that 20 nm T-gate can be patterned with this process.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.467-475
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Acupuncture at the GV20 and GV22 on normal human beings using power spectrum analysis. Methods : Electroencephalogram(EEG) power spectrum exhibits site-specific and state-related differences in various frequency bands. 8 channels Background Electroencephalogram (EEG) was carried out in 30 subjects(24 females and 4 males). Results : In ${\delta}$(theta) band, the power values decreased significantly at the 8-channel average value(p=0.03) and especially at T3(p=0.02), T4(p=0.001) and P3(p=0.03). In ${\alpha}$(alpha) band, the power values have no significant changes. In ${\beta}$(beta)band, the power values increased significantly at the 8-channel average value (p=0.02) and especially at T4(p=0.003), P3 (p= 0.03) and P4(0.02). In ${\beta}/{\delta}$(beta/theta) ratio, the value increased significantly at the 8-channel average value(p=0.002) and especially at Fp2(p=0.05), F4(p=0.007), T3(0.012), T4(0.005), P3 (0.007) and P4(0.03) Conclusions : Through this data, we conclude that acupuncture at the GV20 and GV22 on normal human beings could have possibility to awake the cerebral cortex by the functional mechanism.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2008

Purpose : To present the T1 and T2 relaxation times of the major cerebral metabolites at 1.5T and 3.0T and compare those between 1.5T and 3.0T. Materials and Methods : Using the phantom containing N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), Choline (Cho), and Creatine (Cr) at both 1.5T and 3.0T MRI, the T1 relaxation times were calculated from the spectral data obtained with 5000 ms repetition time (TR), 20 ms echo time (TE), and 11 different mixing time (TM)s using STEAM (STimulated Echo-Acquisition Mode) method. The T2 relaxation times were obtained from the spectral data obtained with 3000 ms TR and 5 different TEs using PRESS (Point-RESolved Spectroscopy) method. The T1 and T2 relaxation times obtained at 1.5T were compared with those of 3.0T. Results : The T1 relaxation times of NAA were $2293\;{\pm}\;48\;ms$ at 1.5T and $2559\;{\pm}\;124\;ms$ at 3.0T (11.6% increase at 3.0T). The T1 relaxation times of Cho were $2540\;{\pm}\;57\;ms$ at 1.5T and $2644\;{\pm}\;76\;ms$ at 3.0T (4.1% increase at 3.0T). The T1 relaxation times of Cr were $2543\;{\pm}\;75\;ms$ at 1.5T and $2665\;{\pm}\;94\;ms$ at 3.0T (4.8% increase). The T2 relaxation times of NAA were $526\;{\pm}\;81\;ms$ at 1.5T and $468\;{\pm}\;74\;ms$ at 3.0T (11.0% decrease at 3.0T). The T2 relaxation times of Cho were $220\;{\pm}\;44ms$ at 1.5T and $182\;{\pm}\;35\;ms$ at 3.0T (17.3% decrease at 3.0T). The T2 relaxation times of Cr were $289\;{\pm}\;47\;ms$ at 1.5T and $275\;{\pm}\;57\;ms$ at 3.0T (4.8% decrease at 3.0T). Conclusion : The T1 relaxation times of the major cerebral metabolites (NAA, Cr, Cho), which were measured at the phantom, were 4.1%-11.6% longer at 3.0T than at 1.5T. The T2 relaxation times of them were 4.8%-17.3% shorter at 3.0T than at 1.5T. To optimize MR spectroscopy at 3.0T, TR should be lengthened and TE should be shortened.