• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.63 no.3
• /
• pp.242-250
• /
• 2007

Background: Abnormal angiogenesis can induce hypoxia within a highly proliferating tumor mass, and these hypoxic conditions can in turn create clinical problems, such as resistance to chemotherapy. However, the mechanism by which hypoxia induces these changes has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine how hypoxia induces changes in cell viability and extracellular microenvironments in an in vitro culture system using non-small cell lung cancer cells. Methods: The non-small cell lung cancer cell line, A549 was cultured in DMEM or RPMI-1640 media that contained fetal bovine serum. A decrease in the oxygen tension of the media that contained the culture was then induced in a hypoxia microchamber using a $CO_2-N_2$ gas mixture. A gas analysis and an MTT assay were then conducted. Results: (1) The decrease in oxygen tension was checked the anaerobic gas mixture for 30 min and then reoxygenation was induced by adding a 5% $CO_2-room$ air gas mixture to the chamber. (2) Purging with the anaerobic gas mixture was found to decrease the further oxygen tension of cell culture media. (3) The low oxygen tension resulted in a low pH, lactic acidosis and a decreased glucose concentration in the media. (4) The decrease in glucose concentration that was observed as a result of hypoxia was markedly different when different types of media were evaluated. (5) The decrease in oxygen tension inhibited proliferation of A549 cells. Conclusion: These data suggests that tumor hypoxia is associated with acidosis and hypoglycemia, which have been implicated in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.172-178
• /
• 2013

The strains were added to the feed in the concentration of $10^3$, $10^5$, and $10^7$ CFU/kg and 2% of fishes were given the feed twice a day (8 AM and 5 PM) for 12 weeks. In result of the nonspecific immune response study to examine Respiratory burst activity, Lysozyme activity and Phagocytosis activity every two weeks until the end of the study, all test samples showed greater activities than control samples and improved immune activity with Bacillus sp. IS-2. The mortality test performed by artificial infection using Streptococcus iniae, a pathogenic bacterium, after the completion of this study also showed over 55% greater survival rate in all test samples. In result of performing PCR using the universal primer to verify that the probiotic stays in the intestines of the fishes, all test samples showed PCR product of 1,465 bp. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that Bacillus sp. IS-2 in the feed improved farmed flatfish's immune system and resistance against diseases as the probiotics. Also, the physiological indicators discovered by this study would be useful for identifying the mechanisms of probiotics.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.63-69
• /
• 2011

In this study, the antibacterial activity and the antioxidative effects, inhibitory effects on tyrosinase of Lespedeza cuneata G. Don extracts were investigated. MIC value of ethyl acetate fraction from L. cuneata G. Don on P. ovale (0.125%) showed that the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction was higher than methyl paraben. The aglycone fraction of L. cuneata G. Don (14.63 ${\mu}g$/mL) showed the most prominent the free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of L. cuneata G. Don fraction on $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The aglycone fraction of L. cuneata G. Don (0.07 ${\mu}g$/mL) showed the most prominent ROS scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract/fractions of L. cuneata G. Don on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The L. cuneata G. Don extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner (1 ~ 50 ${\mu}g$/mL). The inhibitory effects ($IC_{50}$) of L. cuneata G. Don extracts on tyrosinase were determined with ethyl acetate fraction (104.83 ${\mu}g$/mL) and aglycone fraction (27.55 ${\mu}g$/mL) of L. cuneata G. Don extract. These results indicate that L. cuneata G. Don extract/fractions can function as high potential as bactericide against the pathogenic bacteria and antioxidant in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Extract/fractions of L. cuneata G. Don could be applicable to new functional cosmetics for antiaging, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.357-363
• /
• 2011

In this study, the antioxidative effects and inhibitory activities on tyrosinase of Rheum undulatum (R.undulatum) L. extracts were investigated. 50 % ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and aglycone fractions of R. undulatum L. were used in experiments. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of R. undulatum L. extracts was lower than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol, known as a typical antioxidant. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of aglycone fraction on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay showed the most prominent effect at a concentration of $0.265\;{\mu}g/mL$. The cellular protective effects of extract/fractions of R. undulatum L. on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were increased in a concentration dependent manner ($1{\sim}50\;{\mu}g/mL$). Especially, aglycone fraction in $10\;{\mu}g/mL$ concentration showed the most protective effect among extracts (${\tau}_{50}$, 757.0 min). The inhibitory effects ($IC_{50}$, $11.20\;{\mu}g/mL$) on tyrosinase of aglycone fraction was much higher than arbutin ($226.88\;{\mu}g/mL$), known as a whitening agent. These results indicate that R. undulatum L. extracts can be used as antioxidant. Particularly, aglycone fraction of R. undulatum L. showed superior antioxdative activity and high inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. Therefore, aglycone fraction of R. undulatum L. could be applicable to new functional cosmetics.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.309-318
• /
• 2011

In this study, the antioxidative effect, antibacterial, inhibitory effects on tyrosinase, inhibitory effects on elastase and component analysis of Phellinus linteus (P. linteus) extracts were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of P. linteus extracts ($2.94\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed the highest free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity ($OSC_{50}$) of P. linteus extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system was investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction ($0.0072\;{\mu}g/mL$) showed the most prominent ROS scavenging activity. The protective effects of extract/fractions of P. linteus extracts on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The P. linteus extracts showed cellular membrane protective effects in a concentration dependent manner ($5{\sim}50\;{\mu}g/mL$). The inhibitory effect ($IC_{50}$) on tyrosinase of P. linteus extract was the highest at 50 % ethanol extract ($6.34\;{\mu}g/mL$), and the inhibitory effect ($IC_{50}$) on elastase of P. linteus was the highest at ethyl acetate fraction ($14.08\;{\mu}g/mL$). TLC, HPLC chromatogram and LC/ESI-MS of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from P. linteus extracts were identified interfungin A (PL RPT-1a). These results indicate that extract/fractions of P. linteus can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Extract/fractions of P. linteus can be applicable to new cosmeceuticals for antioxidant, antiaging, antiwrinkle and whitening.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.225-236
• /
• 2012

In this study, the cellular protective effects on HaCaT cells and human erythrocytes and antioxidative effects of P. tricuspidata stem extracts were investigated. The ethyl acetate ($50{\mu}g/mL$) and aglycone fraction ($25{\mu}g/mL$) of P. tricuspidata stem extracts doesn't show any characteristics of cytotoxicity. When HaCaT cells were treated with 10 mM $H_2O_2$ and $30{\mu}M$ rose bengal, the ethyl acetate ($6.25{\sim}50{\mu}g/mL$) and aglycone ($6.25{\sim}25{\mu}g/mL$) fraction protected the cells against the oxidative damage in a concentration dependent manner. The P. tricuspidata stem extracts showed more prominent cellular protective effect than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol, known as lipid antioxidant at $10{\mu}g/mL$. The ethylacetate fraction of P. tricuspidata stem extracts ($18.5{\mu}g/mL$) showed more free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC5_{50}$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity ($OSC_{50}$) of P. tricuspidata stem extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system was investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate ($1.72{\mu}g/mL$) and the aglycone fraction ($1.53{\mu}g/mL$) showed similar ROS scavenging activity of L-ascorbic acid ($1.50{\mu}g/mL$). These results indicate that extract/fractions of P. tricuspidata stem extracts can function as natural cytoprotective agents and antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by protecting cellular membrane against ROS.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.275-282
• /
• 2012

In this study, the antioxidative effects of extracts from different parts of Juncus effusus L. were investigated. The three parts (above-ground part, below-ground part, medulla part) were selected. 50 % ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and aglycone fractions of J. effusus L. were used in experiments. The highest DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) was shown by medulla part (42.9 ${\mu}g/mL$) in 50 % ethanol extracts, below-ground part (12.1 ${\mu}g/mL$) in ethyl acetate fractions, and below-ground part (12.1 ${\mu}g/mL$) in aglycone fractions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay showed the most prominent effect of medulla part (0.29 ${\mu}g/mL$) in 50 % ethanol extracts, below-ground part (0.25 ${\mu}g/mL$) in ethyl acetate fractions, and medulla part (0.20 ${\mu}g/mL$) in aglycone fractions. The cellular protective effects of extract/fractions of J. effusus L. on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were increased in a concentration dependent manner (0.5 ~ 10 ${\mu}g/mL$). Especially, aglycone fraction of medulla part at a concentration of 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ showed the most prominent protective effect among all extracts (${\tau}_{50}$, 321.0 min). These results indicate that extracts from below-ground part and medulla part of J. effusus L. extracts can be used as an natural antioxidant. Particularly, J. effusus L. can protect suggesting a high ${\tau}_{50}$ skin where many $^1O_2$ was generated by sunlight exposure.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.148-156
• /
• 2010

S59-4 isolate was evaluated as a potential biocontrol agent using in vivo wounded garlic bulb assay. When the spore suspension ($10^5$ spores/$m\ell$) of Penicillium hirsutum was co-inoculated with cell suspension of S59-4 isolate on wounded garlics, the isolate showed high suppressive effect to disease development. The isolate was identified as Pantoea agglomerans S59-4(Pa59-4) through Biolog system. Furthermore, soaking garlic bulbs in the suspension of Pa59-4 significantly reduced garlic decay caused by P. hirsutum. The optimal concentration of Pa59-4 for controlling garlic blue mold was $10^7\sim10^8$ cfu/$m\ell$. And suppressive effect of Pa59-4 on garlic storage decay reduced as inoculation concentration of Penicillium hirsutum increased. In addition in order to investigate population dynamics of Pa59-4 on application site of garlic cloves, two antibiotic markers, pimaricin and vancomycin were selected. Bacterial density of Pa59-4 on the wounded garlic cloves increased continuously both under room temperature condition and low temperature condition until 30days after application of Pa59-4, meanwhile that of Pa59-4 on intact garlic cloves increased until 15days after application of Pa59-4 and thereafter decreased continuously. Two culture media for mass-production of Pa59-4, LB medium and TSB medium, were selected. By-product of bio-fungicide formulated by mixing white carbon and bacterial suspension of Pa59-4 suppressed by 40 to 50% garlic blue mold. Above results suggest that Pa59-4 be a promising control agent against garlic blue mold.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.442-452
• /
• 2020

Backgroud: Sleep deprivation (SD) impairs learning and memory by inhibiting hippocampal functioning at molecular and cellular levels. Abnormal autophagy and apoptosis are closely associated with neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. This study is aimed to explore the alleviative effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of stem-leaf saponins of Panax notoginseng (SLSP) on the abnormal neuronal autophagy and apoptosis in hippocampus of mice with impaired learning and memory induced by SD. Methods: Mouse spatial learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze test. Neuronal morphological changes were observed by Nissl staining. Autophagosome formation was examined by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescent staining, acridine orange staining, and transient transfection of the tf-LC3 plasmid. Apoptotic event was analyzed by flow cytometry after PI/annexin V staining. The expression or activation of autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting assay. Results: SLSP was shown to improve the spatial learning and memory of mice after SD for 48 h, accomanied with restrained excessive autophage and apoptosis, whereas enhanced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons. Meanwhile, it improved the aberrant autophagy and apoptosis induced by rapamycin and re-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling transduction in HT-22 cells, a hippocampal neuronal cell line. Conclusion: SLSP could alleviate cognitive impairment induced by SD, which was achieved probably through suppressing the abnormal autophagy and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. The findings may contribute to the clinical application of SLSP in the prevention or therapy of neurological disorders associated with SD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.46 no.8
• /
• pp.919-928
• /
• 2017

The immuno-enhancing effects of alginate oligosaccharides from Sargassum coreanum were investigated. The alginate oligosaccharides were produced by an alginate-degrading enzyme from S. oneidensis PKA 1008. The degraded alginate oligosaccharides were visualized by thin-layer chromatography developed using a solvent system of 1-butanol/methanol/water, 4:1:2 (v/v/v). Alginate was degraded into dimmers at 60 h. As a result, the levels of Th1 cytokine [interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ and interleukin (IL)-2] and Th2 cytokine (IL-6 and IL-10) increased with increasing incubation time compared to the control in vitro. Enzymatic extract treatment promoted proliferation of splenocytes at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg at 24 h in vivo. Secretion of $IFN-{\gamma}$ and IL-2 significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h as well as induced higher production of IgG2a in serum. Natural killer cell activity was measured and tended to increase. In addition, complete blood cell counts increased in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that alginate oligosaccharides produced by crude enzyme from S. oneidensis PKA 1008 may have significant immune activities.