• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2004

Benzoyl peroxide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 1,371 tons/year in Korea as of 2001 survey. The substance is mainly used as initiators in polymerization, catalysts in the plastics industry, bleaching agents for flour and medication for acne vulgaris. In this study, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) are used for getting adequate information on the physical -chemical properties of this chemical. And hydrolysis in water, acute toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms for benzoyl peroxide were studied. The physical -chemical properties of benzoyl peroxide were estimated as followed; vapor pressure=0.00929 Pa, Log $K_{ow}$ = 3.43, Henry's Law constant=3.54${\times}$10$^{-6}$ atm-㎥/mole at $25^{\circ}C$, the half-life of photodegradation=3 days and bioconcentration factor (BCF)=92. Hydrolysis half-life of benzoyl peroxide in water was 5.2 hr at pH 7 at $25^{\circ}C$ and according to the structure of this substance hydrolysis product was expected to benzoic acid. Benzoyl peroxide has toxic effects on the aquatic organisms. 72 hr-Er $C_{50}$ (growth rate) for algae was 0.44 mg/1.,48 hr-E $C_{50}$ for daphnia was 0.07mg/L and the 96hr-L $C_{50}$ of acute toxicity to fish was 0.24mg/L. Acute toxicity to terrestrial organisms (earth worm) of benzoyl peroxide was low (14 day-L $C_{50}$ = > 1,000 mg/kg). Although benzoyl peroxide is high toxic to aquatic organisms, the substance if not bioaccumulated because of the rapid removal by hydrolysis (half-life=5.2 hr at pH 7 at $25^{\circ}C$) and biodegradation (83% by BOD after 21 days). The toxicity observed is assumed to be due to benzoyl peroxide rather than benzoic acid, which shows much lower toxicity to aquatic organisms. One can assume that effects occur before hydrolysis takes place. From the acute toxicity value of algae, daphnia and fish, an assessment factor of 100 was used to determine the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The PNEC was calculated to be 0.7$\mu\textrm{g}$/L based on the 48 hr-E $C_{50}$ daphnia (0.07 mg/L). The substance shows high acute toxicity to aquatic organisms and some information indicates wide-dispersive ore of this substance. So this substance is, a candidate for further work, even if it hydrolysis rapidly and has a low bioaccumulation potential. This could lead to local concern for the aquatic environment and therefore environmental exposure assessment is recommended.

• 생태와환경
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 국제적으로 이용되고 있는 생태독성 시험종 중에서, 국내 생태독성 평가에 적용 가능한 시험종을 파악해보았다. 대상 화학물질 41개 항목에 대해 수집된 생태독성 시험종은 총 265종으로, 이 중 국내 생태독성 평가에 적용 가능한 시험종은 총 71종으로 분류되었다. 생물 분류군별로 살펴보면, 어류 7종, 무척추동물군 26종 중 환형동물 2종, 태형동물 2종, 갑각류 13종, 곤충류 3종, 연체동물 4종, 편형동물 1종, 원생동물 1종, 식물군 26종 중 규조류 9종, 녹조류 14종, 대형수생식물 3종, 기타군 12종 중 양서류 2종, 세균류 3종, 남조류 6종, 균류 1종이다. 생태독성 시험종 중 국내 시험종의 비율을 살펴보면, 26.8%로 국내 생태독성 평가에 적용 가능한 시험종이 그리 넉넉하지 않은 실정임을 알 수 있다. 따라서 국내 생태독성 평가에 적용 가능한 국내 시험종을 개발하고 더 나아가 국내종을 이용한 생태독성 시험법을 정립함으로써 국내 생태독성 평가를 위한 독성자료 구축연구가 장기적으로 추진되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제13권1_2호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1998

Cadmium, a major aquatic pollutant in many parts of the world, is toxic and readily accumulated in aquatic organisms. It mainly exists in water as complexes with organic ligands such as dissolved organic carbon and this complexation is known to have effects on the aquatic toxicities. In this study, acute toxicity, histology, and bioaccumulation were studied to evaluate effects of humic acid on cadmium toxicity and bioavailability to fish using Oryzias lalipes and Cyprinus carpio. 96h-LC$_{50}$ of cadmium was 6.38mg/L using Oryzias latipes. However, the mortality showed the dose-dependent decrease when humic acid was added to the test solution. When fish were exposed to 5 mg/L of cadmium, histological changes in the exposed organs (caudal fins, gills, kidney, liver, and gut) of C~lprinus carpio were decreased by humic acid, especially in kidney and liver. Bioaccumulation of cadmium also decreased by treatment of humic acid. It seems that the formation of complexes between cadmium and humic acid may decrease bioavailability of cadmium to fish, and thus reduce the toxic effects of cadmium.

• 생태와환경
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.343-353
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• 2016

Oligochaetes distribute widely in freshwater ecosystem, and some species are used as bioindicators for water quality assessment because they are tolerant to organic enrichment. They are acknowledged for potential for environmental health recovery of organic polluted environment. There are a lot of studies on ecology and toxicity assessment using oligochaetes in aquatic environment. In this study, we reviewed literature on ecotoxicology of aquatic oligochaetes. We searched literature from a database 'google scholar' by using keywords such as aquatic, oligochaete, and toxicity. The literature were summarized according to publication years, species, test methods, and chemicals. We obtained 133 articles published from 1953 to 2015 from the database. Among them, 58 papers(43.6% of total) have been published in 1990s. Three species(Lumnbriculus variegatus, Tubifex tubifex, and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) have been used most frequently in the study. Different species displayed different toxicological responses to different toxic chemicals. The results on the ecotoxicological study with aquatic oligochaetes revealed the possibility of the development for early warning system using aquatic oligochaetes to monitor aquatic ecosystem disturbance.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2006

The genetic toxicity of environmental pollutants, namely, nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA) and chloropyriphos (CP) was investigated in aquatic sentinel species, freshwater crustacean, Daphnia magna, and larva of aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans, using Comet assay. Physiological effect of such pollutants was also investigated by studying the specimens' rates of reproduction, growth and survival. Acute toxicity results showed that, as expected, Daphnia was more sensitive than Chironomus to chemical exposure. The order of acute toxicity was CP > NP > BPA in D. magna and NP > CP > BPA in C. tentans. BPA may exert a genotoxic effect on D. magna and C. tentans, given that DNA strand breaks increased in both species exposed to this compound, whereas NP- and CP-induced DNA damage occurred only in C. tentans. In vivo genotoxic data obtained in aquatic sentinel species could provide valuable information for freshwater quality monitoring. The experiments with NP-exposed D. magna showed that the pollutant has long-term effects on reproduction, whereas no short-term effect on DNA integrity was found, being an example of a false-negative result from the biomarkers perspective. This result could be interpreted that other mechanism than genetic alteration might be involved in NP-induced reproduction failure in D. magna. False-positive results from the genotoxic biomarker obtained in BPA-exposed D. magna and in NP-exposed C. tentans make it difficult to use DNA integrity as an early warning biomarker. However, as the mere presence of genotoxic compounds, which are potentially carcinogenic, is of high concern to human and ecosystem health, it could also be important to rapidly and effectively detect genotoxic compounds in the aquatic system in ways that do not necessarily accompany a higher level of alteration. Considering the potential of D. magna and C. tentans as bioindicator species, and the importance of genotoxic biomarkers in ecotoxicity monitoring, DNA damage in these species could provide useful information for environmental risk assessment.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Pesticides is exposed in an aquatic environment and effected to benthic animals. Especially, sediment-associated pesticides is required for determination of sediment toxicity on aquatic organisms. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of six pesticides (chlorfluazuron, difenoconazole, dithianon, flufenoxuron, flutianil, pendimethalin) on Chironomus riparius in aquatic ecosystems. METHODS AND RESULTS: Chlorfluazuron, difenoconazole, dithianon, flufenoxuron, flutianil and pendimethalin were used as a model compounds, which have a sediment-associated potential ($K_{oc}$>3). Acute and chronic toxicity tests on Chironomus riparius were performed at six concentrations of each pesticide with four replicates of each based on OECD test guideline 235 and 218. The calculated 48-h $EC_{50}$ values of chlorfluazuron, flutianil, pendimethalin, difenoconazole, dithianon and flufenoxuron were 6.72, 2.55, 2.27, 0.77, 0.30 and 0.11 mg/L, respectively. Flufenoxuron was the lowest 48-h $EC_{50}$ value in this study. The No Observed Effective Concentration (NOEC) and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) of flufenoxuron for Chironomus riparius in 28-days test were 30 and $60{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pesticides of the sediment-associated have the potential effect for Chironomus riparius in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, sediment toxicity assessment of these pesticides should be further investigated to evaluate the impact to benthic organisms.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.141-144
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• 1995

국매리복의 독성을 조사하기 위하여 1992년과 1993년 봄과 가을에 인천과 안산에서 31개체를 구입하여 조직별 독성을 조사하였다. 조직의 최고 독성으로 보아 생식선(수컷, 4,920MU/g; 암컷, 2,500MU/g) 간장(1,680MU/g)과 근육(1,600MU/g)은 맹독이었으며, 내장(950 MU/g)과 껍질(550MU/g)은 강독이었다. 이들의 평균 독성은 모두 강독으로 나타났다. 한편 간장, 내장의 독성은 가을철보다 봄철에 더욱 강하여서 계절 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 국매리복이 맹독성의 복어임을 입증하는 것이므로, 따라서 이들의 섭식으로 인한 중독 예방을 위한 조치가 필요하겠다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2006

We developed and evaluated a method of short-term acute toxicity testing based on the feeding behavior of Ceriodaphnia dubia. In prior toxicity tests, neonates of C. dubia were hatched and cultivated with the addition of yeast only for the preparation of the transparent daphnid's gut. Scenedesmus subspicatus was supplied as food after 1 to 6 h of exposure to toxicants. The effects of 1-h and 6-h exposure time on test sensitivity did not significantly differ. A comparison of the short-term l-h acute toxicity test developed in this study to the standard 48-h acute toxicity test using heavy metals, cyanide, and pentachlorophenol indicated that the 1-h test provided an acceptable sensitivity level in toxicity testing of C. dubia..

• 환경생물
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.271-285
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• 2014

알루미늄은 폐광산 침출수, 산업폐수, 생활하수 등을 통해 수계로 유입되어 수생생물에 농축되고 독성을 유발할 수 있다. 최근 다양한 수생생물에서 알루미늄의 독성에 관한 보고가 증가하고 있지만 오염현황 및 생태독성에 대한 연구가 많이 이뤄지지 않았다. 본 소고에서는 수서무척추동물, 어류, 양서류에서 알루미늄의 독성자료를 고찰함으로써 잔류량 가이드라인 설정의 필요성과 알루미늄의 수생태독성 분석전략을 제언하고자 하였다. 다양한 형태의 알루미늄화합물이 수생동물에서 1차적으로 아가미기능을 방해하여 생존을 위협하고 세포독성, 유전독성, 산화적스트레스, 내분비계교란, 생식교란, 대사교란, 항상성교란 등의 독성효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히, 산성조건에서 환경잔류농도 수준의 알루미늄 화합물은 어류에서 호르몬농도 변화를 유발하였다. 알루미늄은 산성 및 염기성 조건에서 용해도가 증가하기 때문에 국내의 폐광산 인근의 산성 수계 뿐 아니라 조류 대발생에 의해 pH가 상승하는 호수나 강에서도 알루미늄의 독성효과가 나타날 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.293-302
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• 2023

본 연구는 구피(Poecilia reticulata)에서 oxolinic acid (OA), neomycin-oxytetracycline 복합제(NEO-OTC) 및 florfenicol (FF)의 급성독성을 96시간 동안 약욕투여하여 96h-LC₅₀으로 평가하였다. 또한 활성성분 함량이 2-4%로 낮은 상업용 제제의 급성독성을 평가하여 표준품과 비교하고, 에로모나스병에 대한 치료 효능을 평가하였다. 구피에서의 급성독성은 NEO-OTC이 126.08 mg/L로 가장 높았다. OA는 염의 형태에 따라서 급성독성의 결과가 크게 상이하였다. Oxolinic acid 형태는 최고 농도인 1,000 mg/L에서도 모든 개체가 생존한 반면, 수산용의약품으로 사용되는 sodium염 형태는 96h-LC₅₀이 504.61 mg/L로 도출되었다. 특히 모든 폐사는 OA가 용출되기 전인 24시간 이내에 발생하였다. FF의 급성독성은 매우 낮아 96h-LC₅₀이 1,000 mg/L 이상으로 도출되었다. 본 연구에서 평가한 OA 및 NEO-OTC 상업용 제제는 산제 형태로, FF 상업용 제제는 액제 형태로 사용되었다. 부형제는 산제의 경우 glucose 및 lactose hydrate가 함량의 대부분을 차지하며, powdered corn syrup이 소량 첨가되었다. 액제의 경우 propylene glycol이 함량의 대부분을 차지하며, N-methylpyrrolidone, polysorbate 80, butylated hydroxy toluene이 소량 첨가되었다. OA 및 NEO-OTC 상업용 제제의 급성독성은 표준품과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았지만, FF 상업용 제제는 현저하게 급성독성이 증가하였고, 그 이유는 아마도 상업용 제제에 함유된 유기용매나 용해보조제가 독성을 강화시키는 것으로 추측된다. OA, NEO-OTC 및 FF 약욕투여는 단시간(2시간) 약욕투여시 각각 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L 및 15 mg/L 농도로, 장시간(24시간) 약욕투여시 각각 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L 및 7.5 mg/L 농도로 에로모나스병을 유의미하게 방어하였다. 이 결과는 급성독성이 발견되지 않는 용량 범위에서 에로모나스병 치료를 위한 용량 및 시간을 제시하였으며, 낮은 농도의 항생제를 포함한 액상제제가 부분적으로 독성을 증가시키기는 하지만 효과적으로 관상어의 질병을 치료하기에는 문제가 없음을 의미한다.