• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2009

Purpose : To check the legal relation between rescue team and patient as well as legal responsibility for patient's damage intentionally or erroneously caused by rescue member, a public official, in the performance of relevant job ; to prevent legal dispute over rescue team and to present program for fair settlement of dispute and equitable and feasible burden of damage. Method : First, the legal principle of Civil Law, Criminal Law and Administrative Law related to the theme of this research will be investigated around research by literature. Second, the case of dispute related to rescue team will be introduced. Result: 1. If 119 rescue members as a public official intentionally or erroneously cause damage to patient in the performance of job, they shall bear civil, criminal and administrative responsibility. They shall bear civil responsibility for indemnity for damage due to default or tort. The typical criminal responsibility includes accidental homicide arising out of duty, preparing falsified official document, dereliction of duty, etc. In the administrative side, the state is responsible for indemnity for peculiar status of the rescue member, public official. 2. Though raising civil petition or legal dispute over unsatisfactory rescue service may be reasonable to guarantee the right of nation, such action may cause stress to rescue member as well as may lead to mental shrinking and defensive attitude only to take the basic first aid treatment which has low possibility of mistake instead of active first aid treatment so as to avoid legal responsibility. 3. The program that may prevent legal dispute over 119 rescue team includes expansion of manpower specialized in first aid treatment, enhancement of education on legal environment, development and application of standard job guideline, formation of mutual trust with patient, detailed explanation, preparing and keeping minute record, improvement of the rescue members' ability of first aid treatment and development of medical instruction mode. Conclusion : The best policy is to prevent legal dispute. If it is impossible to basically exclude the possibility of dispute, however, we need to make effort to minimize the occurrence, settle fairly and divide damage equitably and feasibly. To improve the preventible death rate of our first aid system to the level of advanced country, 119 rescue team which is in charge of the stage before hospital needs to positively enforce special first aid by improving the qualitative level of rescue service and to strive to prevent legal dispute that may occur in the process.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2014

This study is to reclassify the classifications or definitions of scientific literacy in scientific literacy researches since 1960s and grasp the classification trends of scientific literacy definitions. Sixteen articles have been selected among the articles that have been introduced in the two articles. Classification criteria are as follows: 1) "be learned," "competence," or "be able to function in society" as meanings of "literate," 2) "terms" or "description" as the ways of representing scientific literacy, 3) "singular structure," "hierarchical structure," or "parallel structure" as the inner structure of scientific literacy definitions. The results of this study are as follows: First, hierarchical structures in scientific literacy have almost always accompanied "terms" representing scientific literacy and also accepted the hierarchy between "be learned" and "competence," but not the definition of scientific literacy as functioning in society. All parallel structures in scientific literacy have accompanied the definition as functioning in society. And singular structure almost always appears in researches based on the views of scientific literacy in relatively recent times. Second, researches who have used "terms" as ways of representing scientific literacy have increased. Based on the results in this study, the meanings of scientific literacy have been emphasized in view of the ability of playing a role in a social context as well as learning and competence these days. To meet this movement in scientific literacy actively, science education community should get out of traditional teaching and learning scientific concepts and give emphasis on application in various context and social role of science learners.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2013

The yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), has been regarded as a minor pest on citrus on Jeju Island. However, the damage of yellow tea thrips has gradually increased since 2007. This study was conducted to develop a forecasting model for generation peak time of S. dorsalis by using degree-days. Simple linear regression analysis was applied to determine the relationship between the generation number (x, dependent variable) and degree-days (y, independent variable). As a result, two regression models were established: citrus-based model (y = 310.9x + 69.0, $r^2$=0.99) and green tea-based model (y = 285.7x + 84.1, $r^2$=0.99). The models was fitted by independent data sets obtained from 2013 and evaluated using the technique of RSS (residual sum of square) and ${\chi}^2$-test. The green tea based-model showed a good fitting ability. The discrepancy between model outputs and actual data, and the practical application of models were discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5542-5550
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• 2012

Third-order shear deformation theory is reformulated using the nonlocal elasticity of Eringen. The equation of equilibrium of the nonlocal elasticity are derived. This theory has ability to capture the both small scale effects and quadratic variation of shear strain through the plate thickness. Navier's method has been used to solve the governing equations for all edges simply supported boundary conditions. Analytical solutions of buckling of nano-scale plates are presented using this theory to illustrate the effect of nonlocal theory on buckling load of the nano-scale plates. The relations between nonlocal third-order and local theories are discussed by numerical results. Further, effects of (i) length (ii) nonlocal parameter, (iii) aspect ratio and (iv) mode number on nondimensional buckling load are studied. In order to validate the present solutions, the reference solutions are used and discussed. The present results of nano-scale plates using the nonlocal theory can provide a useful benchmark to check the accuracy of related numerical solutions.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 2013

To obtain basic data for the better use of Cordyceps pruinosa we reassessed the effect of different medium, culture method, pH, and carbon and nitrogen sources on the mycelial growth properties of four C. pruinosa isolates. The growth of mycelia differed among the four isolates depending on medium type and cultivation days. Among the tested 8 kinds of solid media, the four isolates grew well on PDA and MMMA(mushroom minimal medium agar). While, among the tested 8 kinds of liquid media, all the isolates grew well in SDYM(Sabourand's dextrose yeast extract medium). The isolates also grew well in the SDYM with pH from 4.0 to 9.5 without any inhibition. One isolate could best grow at pH 8 to 9.5. Regarding the ability of utilizing carbon source, the difference of mycelia growth among the isolates was the most with xylose. Regarding nitrogen source, three isolates could utilize urea which is new fact in this species. These results provide new points on the growth properties of the fungal mycelium which has not been explored before. Overall, this reassessed study concluded that it is necessary to check in advance the growth properties of mycelium when a new isolate of C. pruinosa is expected to be used for application.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of exogenous enzymes as a potential means of improving the ruminal digestion (i.e., degradability) of alfalfa hay and rice straw. Twenty six enzyme-additives were examined in terms of protein concentration and enzymic activities on model substrates. The exogenous enzymes contained ranges of endoglucanase, xylanase, ${\beta}$-glucanase, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and protease activities. Six of the enzyme additives were chosen for further investigation. The enzyme additives and a control without enzyme were applied to mature quality alfalfa hay substrate and subsequently incubated in rumen batch cultures. Five of the enzyme additives (CE2, CE13, CE14, CE19, and CE24) increased total gas production (GP) at 48 h of incubation compared to the control (p<0.05). The two additives (CE14 and CE24) having the greatest positive effects on alfalfa hay dry matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) degradability were further characterized for their ability to enhance degradation of low quality forages. The treatments CE14, CE24, a 50:50 combination of CE14 and CE24 (CE14+24), and control (no enzyme) were applied to mature alfalfa hay and rice straw. For alfalfa hay, application of the two enzyme additives, alone and in combination, increased GP compared to the control at 48 h fermentation (p<0.05), whereas only CE14 and CE14+24 treatments improved GP from rice straw (p<0.05). Rumen fluid volatile fatty acid concentrations throughout the incubation of rice straw were analyzed. Acetate concentration was slightly lower (p<0.05) for CE14${\times}$CE24 compared to the control, although individually, CE14 and CE24 acetate concentrations were not different from the control. Increases (p<0.05) in alfalfa hay NDF degradability measured at 12 and 48 h of incubation occurred only for CE14 (at 12 h) and for CE14+24 (at 12 and 48 h). Similarly, ADF degradability increased (p<0.05) with CE14 and CE14+24. As for rice straw, increased DM degradability was observed at 12 and 48 h of incubation for all enzyme treatments with an exception for CE14 at 12 h. The degradability of NDF was improved by all the enzyme treatments at either incubation time, while ADF degradability was only enhanced at 48 h. Overall, the enzymes led to enhanced digestion of mature alfalfa and there was evidence of improved digestibility of rice straw, an even lower quality forage.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.286-295
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• 2020

This study examined the effects of emotional clarity and empathic ability on interpersonal competence among nursing college students. The subjects included college students in some provinces. The research period was November and December 2019. Two hundred and eighty five students were analyzed. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The findings show that empathy (β=.551, p<.001), emotional clarity (β=.288, p<.001), and satisfaction with college life (β=.092, p<.001) had significant effects on interpersonal competence with an explanatory power of 47.4%. Interpersonal competence had significant positive correlations with empathy (r=.641, p<.001) and emotional clarity (r=.443, p<.001). Therefore, it is important to reinforce the development and application of customized individual counseling programs designed to enhance empathy. This encourages nursing college students to understand emotional clarity, which helps them recognize others' emotions as well as their own and make proper reactions. Accordingly, satisfaction with college life, which adds more vitality to their college life, will increase the interpersonal competence of nursing college students. In the future, repeating and in-depth research should be conducted to include emotional and psychological factors of interpersonal competence. A standardized research tool will be needed to measure interpersonal competence.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2014

Purpose - Brands and products often play key roles in enabling consumers to experience a good attitude, resulting in mentally enacting a specific prototype and reliving the experience by retelling a specific story. Brand storytelling can function as an important tool for managing the brand. To successfully apply a firm's brand storytelling, it is important to prove the effectiveness of storytelling. Therefore, by utilizing the research of Escalas (1998) and Fog et al. (2005), a list of measurements for storytelling component quality (SCQ) was applied. In addition, customer attitudes toward brand storytelling were tested. In particular, if customers encounter a dynamic and interesting story, although the brand is not widely known, they can be in communion with the brand and establish an emotional connection (Hill, 2003). Thus, brand reputation was divided into two levels (high vs. low), and the difference in effectiveness between storytelling component quality and consumers' advertisement attitude, brand attitude, and purchasing intention was examined. Research design, data, and methodology - By using the measurement list used in Choi, Na, and Hwang (2013), 12 categories in the level of message quality, conflict quality, character quality, and plot quality were measured. In addition, categories of brand reputation, advertisement attitude, brand attitude, and purchasing intention were measured. The study was based on 181 final survey samples targeting undergraduate and graduate students in Gwangju Metropolitan City. Results - Consumer responses toward storytelling were researched in the context of brand characteristics or product attributes, such as brand reputation, differentiated from extant simple effects of storytelling. Some brands with high reputation enjoy a halo effect due to prior learning, while other brands with comparatively low reputation have trouble generating positive responses despite attempts to enhance the level of reputation or induce favorable attitudes. Although not all due to the component quality of storytelling, the case of brands with low reputation exerted more positive impact on consumer attitudes than did brands with high reputation. As mentioned earlier, consumer evaluation of the component quality of storytelling was categorized into advertising attitudes, brand attitudes, and purchase intention for this study; this provides managerial implications in other ways. The results imply that an effective application of storytelling could be an important emotional tool for the development of both brands with low brand awareness and of well-known brands. Finally, this study serves to increase consumers' understanding and ability in interpreting brand stories that marketers tell about themselves, as well as to highlight differential experiences with products by level of brand hierarchy. Conclusions - This research aimed to provide an objective guideline for storytelling component quality while considering brand awareness. Thus, brand reputation was considered for proving the baseline effectiveness of storytelling, and this study provided directions for strategic establishment of storytelling. Based on this, we conclude that in further studies, it will be necessary to systematically manage brand story by considering other situation variables and various story patterns, and studying their differences.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.617-632
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• 1995

Nowadays, most big hospitals have a computer system to manage their administration. For maxi mum effectiveness in managing the computer system, an analysis of the variables affecting its implementation is necessary from the beginning. This study was done to analyze the variables influencing the operation of a hospital information system (HIS). The theoretical base for this study considered the combined effects of user expectations of computerization, and computer-anxiety. The relationship between variables in the theoretical base were analyzed and the individual characteristics influencing each variable were also analyzed. This study was done in two steps. First, 344 nurses were given an initial questionnaire developed to evaluate the reliability of the items. Based on the results, a second revised questionnaire was administered to 88 nurses who had been working in the areas where HIS was applied. The results of the first and second steps of the study are as follows 1. The initial study was done with nurses who were trained on the computer system briefly before HIS was implemented. The individual characteristics influencing computer anxiety and expectation regarding computer system usage in that initial study included, length of career, type of degree or certification, previous experiences with a computer, training on a computer, desire for computer training, and level of acceptance of a computerized work environment. But in the second study with nurses working in areas of the hospital where HIS was introduced, the work site was the only influencing characteristics. There-fore, in applying a computer system, overcoming work-environment barriers will be more import-ant than any individual characteristics. 2. The computer anxiety of the nurses in both groups, before and after the computer system ap-plication, was below the average level but the expectation of the effects of computerization was above average. The nurses using the computer program showed an above average level of satis-faction with the computer system itself, and with its effect on their efficiency. Therefore, the ability of nurses operating HIS will be positively. predictive. 3. For the variables included in the theoretical framework of the study, all of the correlational coefficients were statistically significant in the analysis of variation correlation. Therefore, the theoretical base of the study, "expectation in con junction with computer anxiety" can be considered an model which can be evaluated. Accord-ing to our analysis, the higher the level of nurses' motivation to use the computer system and the lower the anxiety about computer usage, the higher the possibility of computer system acceptance by nurses. The results of this study showed that in applying a computer system in the hospital, the main characteristic influencing acceptance was where the individual worked rather than personal characteristics such as length of career, type of degree or certification, and previous experiences with a computer. Therefore, it is suggested that the first step in uncovering and eliminating hindrance factors in ap-plication of a computer system should be an analysis of working conditions in relation to the functional content of the computer system. The suitability of the theoretical model based on the hypothesis ap-plied in this study should be further tested.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.665-670
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• 2016

This study deals with the possible degradation of toluene and acetic acid when subjected to cell-free enzyme system from the toluene degrading bacteria Pseudomonas putida and acetic acid degrading bacteria Cupriavidus necator. P. putida produces toluene dioxygenase only under the existence of toluene in culture medium and toluene is degraded to cis-toluene dihydrodiol by this enzyme. C. necator produces acetyl coenzyme A synthetase-1 and converts acetic acid to acetyl CoA in order to synthesize ATP to need for growth or PHA which is biodegradable polymer. In case of toluene degradation, the experiment was conducted before and after production of toluene dioxygenase as this enzyme, produced by P. putida, is an inducible enzyme. Toluene was detected using gas chromatography (GC). Similar amount of toluene was found in control group and before production of toluene dioxygenase (experimental group 1). However, reduction in toluene was detected after the production of toluene dioxygenase (experimental group 2). Acetic acid was detected through application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed the acetic acid peak was not detected in the experimental group to apply cell-free enzyme system. These results show that the cell-free enzyme system obtained from P. putida and C. necator retained the ability to degrade toluene and acetic acid. However, P. putida needs to produce the inducible enzyme before preparation of the cell-free enzyme system.