• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 1974

Antenatal care is zoomed toward3 assisting the Individual to achieve safe and wholesome state of health during pregnancy. Nature of fear is assumed to be rooted to complex interaction between past experiences, human relationship and present state of health, however. specific relationship between fear and the variables have not yet been ascertained. This study is designed to investigate the nature of fear of pregnancy, and the correlation between fear and the personal and environmental variables such as personal characteristics past experiences. and psycho-social factors. During the period from October 23 to November 5, 215 pregnant and 104 non-pregnant women of similar chronological are group residing in Seoul were interviewed according to check-list by random General anxiety test, general personality test and test for fear of pregnancy, family according to specific variables such as past experiences of Pregnancy and childbirth, structure of family, family relationship and month of pregnancy was done to the group of pregnant women. To non-pregnant group, general anxiety test was performed to compare with pregnant group. Results of the study are as follows; 1. Hypothesis 1; Degree of general anxiety will be higher e pregnant women compared to that of non-pregnant women. There is no significant difference between the general anxiety of pregnant women and that of non-pregnant women. Therefore, hypothesis I is rejected. 2. Hypothesis 2: Fear of pregnancy and general anxiety will be correlated with personality factors. Through test for fear of pregnancy and general anxiety, a meager contra-correlation between fear and only two personal factors (R and E factor) is revealed but there is no significant correlation between fear and other personal factors (A.S. and T factor). Degree of fear of pregnancy tends to b: higher in the group with low personality factors; responsibility and emotional stability expect the correlation between ascendancy, sociability, and confidence-inferiority. non-significant. Through general anxiety test, level of general anxiety tends to be higher in the group. with low personality factors; responsibility. emotional stability, and confidence except ascendency and sociability, non-significant. Hypothesis 2 is partially supported. 3. Hypothesis 3; General anxiety and fear of pregnancy will be correlated with the past experience-ol pregnancy, and child-birth experience. Though general anxiety test and test for fear of pregnancy, non-significant difference is revealed by P〉.05 level Hypothesis 3 is rejected. 4. Hypothesis 4: General anxiety and fear of pregnancy will be correlated with the month at pregnancy will be correlated with the month of pregnancy. Through tests of general anxiety and fear, significant correlation is revealed degree of fear by-P〈.05 level (CR=1.98) and level of general anxiety by P〈.005 level (CR=3. 11) is higher in the earlier stage of pregnancy. Hypothesis 4 is supported. 5. Hypothesis 5, 6, 7; General anxiety and fear of pregnancy will be correlated with socio-economic status, family structure, and family relationship. Through general anxiety test and tear of pregnancy test, non-significant is revealed by P〉.05 level. Hypothesis 3.6.7 are rejected. Conclusion and recommendation Level of general: anxiety and degree of fear of pregnancy is shown not to be correlated with variables of past experiencers of pregnancy and child-birth. and family factors except the month of - pregnancy. Personal characteristics are shown to be partially contra-correlated meagerly with genera anxiety and fear of pregnancy. This study revealed contrasted results, in regard to presence of correlation between general anxiety and fear of pregnancy to other thesis. In this context. further studies under controlled environment is recommended.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.5 s.83
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• pp.113-128
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• 2006

This study was to verify the effectiveness of the Life Review-Narrative group therapy program on decreasing depression and death anxiety in the elderly. The program was organized according to a course of life from childhood to old age. The objectives were for the elderly to enhance self-worth, to become aware of their solitary existence, to accept aging and death, to accept the life: both past and present, and to make the most of experiences in overcoming difficulties. For the most part, the program used reminiscence and re-authoring of the narrative therapy as counseling techniques. Thirty-two elderly people(16 in the experimental group, 16 in the control group) aged 60 years and over were randomly selected from patients at the Daegu Metropolitan City General Welfare Center. Two groups were identified as equivalents for the study in the pre-test. The program for the experimental group was implemented twice a week for 90 minutes per session over a 6-week period(Sep. 8-Oct.14. 2005). The pre-test(Sep. 8 2005), the post-test(Oct. 14. 2005) and the follow-up test(Nov. 14. 2005) were implemented in order to verify the effectiveness of the programs. The instruments used in the study were the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form(Korean Version) and the Death Anxiety Scale. The data were analyzed using t-testing and One-Factor Repeated Measures ANOVA. This study supplemented other qualitative research methods in order to verify the variation in the depression and death anxiety in the elderly. The findings of the study were as follows: Significant decrease in the depression and death anxiety were reported in the experimental group. The control group however did not show any significant changes in the depression and death anxiety rates. The result of the post hoc multiple comparisons showed that the effects of the life review-narrative group therapy program has lasted effects on decreasing of the death anxiety. Nevertheless, the effects of the life review-narrative group therapy program on decreasing depression are not lasting. The study has limitations so further research is suggested.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.345-353
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore effects of acceptance-­commitment therapy on assertiveness and interpersonal anxiety of university students with interpersonal anxiety. Twelve students are selected of three hundred thirty students who completed an assertiveness sacle and a social anxiety scale, and finally six students were assigned to an experiment group and the others to a control group. ACT program consisting of 8 sessions twice a week approximately 120minutes is provided for experiment group, on the other hand, nothing is provided for control group. All participants completed an assertiveness sacle, a social anxiety scale at pre-­test, post-­test, and 6 weeks follow­-up periods. In the experimental group, the assertiveness score was improved after ACT program but not in the control group. The improvement observed in the experimental group was maintained until the follow-­up test. In the anxiety test, the experimental group showed a larger decrease than the control group, and the difference was also found in the follow­-up test. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study, along with suggestions for future study were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2009

Purpose: This study utilized a nonequivalent control group pre-post test design to test the effects of foot massage on anxiety and sleep satisfaction response in preoperative patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Method: There were 40 subjects in the study (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group). The experimental group received foot massage once a day for 2 days before their operation. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics including mean, percentage, Chi-square, and t-test. Results: There were significant differences between experimental group and control group in the level of the state anxiety, pulse rate, and sleep satisfaction. Conclusions: Foot massage was effective in reducing anxiety and improving sleep satisfaction in abdominal surgical patients before their operation. Thus, foot massage may be used as an independent nursing intervention. This intervention can be performed anywhere, requires no special equipment, is noninvasive, and does not interfere with patients' privacy.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.241-244
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• 2011

Introduction: Intravenous sedation is performed to ensure smooth and safe surgery. Dental anxiety is a reaction to an unknown danger. The Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) can be used to simultaneously evaluate the levels of state and trait anxiety. State anxiety is defined as subjective feelings of nervousness. This study assessed the presurgical anxiety using STAI and performed intravenous sedation for patients whose level of state anxiety was > stage IV. Based on our clinical experience, it is believed that higher doses of sedatives are needed to induce the desired levels of sedation in patients with a high level of state anxiety. Objectives: This study examined whether the sedative consumption of the patient with a high anxiety level increased. Patients and Methods: Patients with state anxiety scores of ${\geq}$51 were included in Group V, and those with state anxiety scores ranging from 42 to 50 were placed in Group IV. To induce sedation, intravenous access was established, and a bolus dose of 3.0 mg midazolam was administered intravenously. Sedation was maintained by administering a continuous infusion of propofol, which was aimed at achieving an Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale of 10-12/20. In this study, midazolam was initially administered when the body movements appeared to occur or the blood pressure increased. This was followed by the administration of higher doses of propofol if low sedation was observed. Results: There were no significant differences in the patient demographics, duration of sedation, and doses of local anaesthetic agents between Groups IV and V. The midazolam dose and mean propofol dose needed to maintain comparable levels of sedation were significantly higher in Group V than in Group IV. Conclusion: In female patients, whose level of preoperative state anxiety is more than Stage V of STAI, a large quantity of sedatives is needed for intravenous sedation.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-79
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• 2001

This study was designed to verify the effect of Doula-type-delivery nursing care on plasma $\beta$-endorphin, serum cortisol, related to delivery stress during labor, and postpartum anxiety of primipara by a quasi experiment(nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design), from December, 1999 to August, 2000. The subjects of this experiment consisted of sixty eight primipara, with single gestation, full term, uncomplicated pregnancies, thirty three for the experimental group and thirty five for the control group. Their mean age was 26.1 years for the experimental group and 25.5 years for the control group. Their mean gestation period was 39.7 weeks for the experimental group and 40.1 weeks for the control group. As treatment, Doula-type-delivery nursing care was given for the experimental group. Data assessed plasma $\beta$-endorphin, serum cortisol during labor, and anxiety during postpartum. Plasma $\beta$-endorphin, serum cortisol were measured in the latent phase before treatment(pre-test) and the transition phase after treatment(posttest). Also, anxiety was measured in the latent phase before treatment(pre-test) and 24 hours postpartum after treatment(posttest). Data was analyzed by t-test, $x^2$-test, Repeated measures ANOVA with SAS Program. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Plasma $\beta$-endorphin was significantly elevated in the experimental group who were cared for with Doula-type-delivery nursing care during labor(P=.0463). 2. No significant group effects were found, but significant time effects were found for serum cortisol. 3. The postpartum anxiety of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group(P=.0110). In conclusion, these findings indicate that Doula-type-delivery nursing care during labor could be effective in increasing maternal plasma $\beta$-endorphin and decreasing postpartum anxiety. Doula-type-delivery nursing care during labor could be applied as an effective nursing treatment for primipara.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.117-139
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• 2015

For the purpose of determining neurophysiological mechanism of math anxiety, we conducted an EEG measurement for 22 sixth grade elementary students including 11 students with high math anxiety (HMA group), and 11 students with low math anxiety (LMA group). We found that in HMA group, delta wave was significantly generated from the right frontal lobe, and in LMA group, four paths are clearly connected while they perform math tasks (right inferior occipital gyrus ${\leftrightarrow}$ left superior parietal lobule /left middle frontal gyrus ${\leftrightarrow}$ left inferior parietal lobule /left middle frontal gyrus ${\leftrightarrow}$ right inferior parietal lobule / right middle frontal gyrus ${\leftrightarrow}$ right inferior parietal lobule). According to the above results we suggest that math anxiety is related to emotions associated with pain, reduces working memory and has a negative effect on math performance.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.174-182
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the effect of lavender fragrance on speech anxiety and public speech behavior of nursing students. Method: The subjects were 89 students in the nursing department of "K" college. We administered vaporizers containing lavender to the experimental group to measure the degree of speech anxiety and public speech behavior at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Results: The difference of variance in speech anxiety between the experimental and control groups was not significant (p=.477). However, the speech anxiety of the experimental group from pretest to post-test was significantly increased (p=.061). In addition, public speech behavior in the experimental group showed greater improvement than that in the control group (p=.000). Conclusion: This study has provided preliminary evidence that lavender fragrance may improve public speech behavior.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.240-246
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to examine the effects of foot massage as a nursing intervention on preoperative anxiety, depression and sleep satisfaction in patients with breast surgery. Method: Research design was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. Forty-one patients were assigned to the control group (21) and the experimental group (20). The patients answered a questionnaire containing measures of anxiety, depression and sleep satisfaction before and after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, Chi-square test, and t test using the SPSS WIN 11.0 program. Result: Anxiety and depression for the experimental group were significantly lower than those for the control group(t=2.556, p=0.008, t=2.932, p=0.006). Sleep pattern of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (t=2.313, p=0.013). Conclusion: Judging from these results, it is suggested that foot massage might have beneficial effects on reducing preoperative anxiety, depression, and increasing sleep satisfaction.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2013

Purpose: To examine the effects of a case management program on self-efficacy, depression and anxiety in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: Thirty-seven patients who enrolled in a diabetes outpatient clinic were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=19) or a control group (n=18). The experimental group received a 2-week intervention composed of a series of one face-to-face interactive interview and five telephone interviews based on the National standards for diabetes self-management education and Bandura's self-efficacy resources of performance accomplishment, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal. The effects of the intervention were assessed by completion of a 9-item self-efficacy questionnaire, a 20-item depression questionnaire and a 20-item anxiety questionnaire prior to, and after the intervention. The statistical significances were examined using t-test. Results: The change in self-efficacy was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Depression and anxiety changes in the experimental group were significantly greater compared to those in the control group. Conclusion: The results of study suggest that a case management program improves self-efficacy, and decreases depression and anxiety in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.