• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.138-144
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• 2005

This study was to examine antioxidative effects of ginseng extracts on liver of high fat diet-treated mice. ICR male mice were given high fat diet with red ginseng or white ginseng extracts (500, 1500, 3000 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 weeks. We also Investigated the relationship between lipid peroxidation and ginseng extracts on the oxidative stress. We measured the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker of lipid peroxidation), hydrogen peroxide, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) in liver tissue. The activities of SOD was generally low in all ginseng extract groups. But the activity of GPx was high in all ginseng extract groups. The hydrogen peroxide contents were similar in almost all groups. The level of GSH was higher in all ginseng extract group in high fat diet (FD) group. The levels of MDA (the end product of lipid peroxidation) were lower in all ginseng extract groups than in FD group. These results that the antioxidant effects of red ginseng and white ginseng extracts prevent oxidative damage by antioxidant effects involving SOD, GPx and increasing the ability of the body to synthesize endogenous antioxidants. It was concluded that ginseng can protect against oxidative stress by high fat diet through its antioxidant properties.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mulberry fruit, mulberry leaves and silkworm powder with different mixing ratios on hepatic antioxidative system and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing $100{\pm}10g$ were induced diabetic by 50 mg/kg bw streptozotocin and randomly assigned to following experimental groups; normal diet group (DM), 0.3% and 0.6% mulberry fruit diet groups (F and 2F), 0.3% mulberry leaves diet group (M), 0.3% silkworm powder diet group (S), 0.15% mulberry fruit+0.15% mulberry leaves diet group (FM), 0.15% mulberry fruit+0.15% silkworm powder diet group (FS), 0.1 % mulberry fruit+0.1 % mulberry leaves+0.1% silkworm powder diet group (FMS). The experimental diets were fed for 4 weeks. Hepatic SOD activity was not changed significantly by any of single or combined supplementations of mulberry fruit, leaves and silkworm powder but GSH-px and catalase activities were increased by the groups supplemented with two or three of the test ingredients (FM, FS, FMS) as compared with the DM group. Hepatic TBARS value was not reduced significantly by any of the supplementations but lipofuscin contents were significantly reduced in the FM, FS and FMS groups as compared with the DM group. Hepatic mitochondria and microsomal carbonyl values were reduced by the single and combined supplementations of the test ingredients. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities were increased in the all supplementation groups as compared with the DM group. Hepatic total lipid and triglyceride contents were increased but cholesterol contents reduced in the supplemented groups. The effects on the enzyme activities, peroxide or its products and lipid contents were most remarkable in the FMS group. In conclusion, mulberry fruit, mulberry leaves and silkworm powder have the favorable effects on antioxidative system and lipid metabolism in the diabetic liver and the mulberry fruit, leaves and silkworm powder with equal ratio exert the synergistic effect expectedly to prevent diabetic complications.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.45-54
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• 2009

This study was designed to investigate the effect of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten) extracts on the intestinal bacteria, antioxidative activity and angiotensin -I-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity. The antimicrobial activities were measured using the 96well-plate method and disc plate method with concentration of 20mg of cactus extract. The stem extract of cactus was inhibitory against Eubacterium limosum, Clostridium perfringens, C. butyricum, C. difficile and Staphylococcus aureus, but was not inhibitory against Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilis, Streptococcus thermophilus. The fruit extract of cactus showed no inhibition against Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilis, and Streptococcus thermophilis. Their inhibitory activities were not reduced after heat and pH treatment. Antioxidative effects of cactus extracts showed high total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and high activity against free radical DPPH. The stem and fruit extract of cactus showed strong ACE inhibitory activities of 88.8% and 69.2%, respectively. In conclusion cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten) extract might be utilized as a functional food material to control intestinal microflora.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.235-244
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• 2019

This study examined the neurotoxicity of aluminum sulfate (AS), an environmental pollutant, and the protective effect of Phrymaleptostachya var. asiatica HARA (PLVAH) extract on the neurotoxicity induced by AS in the cultured C6 glioma cells. For this study, the cell viability and antioxidative effects, such as electron donating (ED) activity, lipid peroxidation (LP) activity, and superoxide anion-radical (SAR) scavenging activity, were analyzed. AS decreased the cell viability significantly in a dose-dependent manner and the $XTT_{50}$ value was measured at $120.0{\mu}M$ of AS. The neurotoxicity of AS was determined to be mid-toxic by Borenfreund and Puerner's toxic criteria. In addition, the catalase (CAT), antioxidant enzyme remarkably increased the cell viability injured by AS-induced neurotoxicity in these cultures. Regarding the protective effect of the PLVAH extract on AS-induced neurotoxicity, PLVAH extract significantly increased the ED ability, and the inhibitory ability of the LP and SAR scavenging ability. These findings suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the cytotoxicity of AS, and the PLVAH extract effectively protected against AS-induced neurotoxicity by its antioxidative effects. Natural resources, such as the PLVAH extract may be a putative therapeutic agent for the treatment of the toxicity induced by heavy metallic compounds, such as AS correlated with the oxidative stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.254-261
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• 2000

In order to observe the bioactivity of ovariectomized rats, ovariectomized group (Ovx), nonovariectomized group (Sham), ovariectomized Vitamin C-treat group (Ovx+Vit C), ovariectomized Vitamin E-treat group (Ovx+Vit E) and ovariectomized Vitamin C+Vitamin E-treat group(Ovx+Vit C+E) were made. Lipidperoxides of liver and kidney, serum total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were investigate as follows. Lipidperoxides of liver and kidney in Ovx group were 1.78 times and 1.61 times increased compared to Sham group respectively. But, they were significantly decreased in Ovx+Vit C group, Ovx+Vit E group, Ovx+Vit C+E group compared to Ovx group. Serum total cholesterol in Ovx group was increased 2.57 times compared to Sham group. Injections of each substance such as ascorbate, tocopherol, mixture (C+E) make data of Cholesterol become low. When especially Vit C is injected, the data of cholesterol lowed by about 94%. Serum HDL-cholesterol in Ovx group decreased 36.7% compared to Sham group. And as the result of the measurement of SOD, Catalase, and GPx which are antioxidant enzyme, SOD and Catalase activities in Ovx group much higher than in Sham group. Based on the results, it is supposed that more produced free radicals increased antioxidant enzyme. And it is also thought that vitamin can inhibit aging by reducing antioxidant enzyme.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2014

Effects of p-coumaric acid (p-CA), benzoic acid (BA), and salicylic acid (SA) on the activities of glutathione reductase and catalase were studied in in vitro grown tobacco plants. After culturing the tobacco plants in MS medium containing $10^{-5}$ mM of p-CA, BA, and SA, the increase in the activities of two enzymes, glutathione reductase and catalase, were compared from day 20 to day 50 day, with an interval of 10 days. The growth of the tobacco plants treated with p-CA, BA, and SA was the highest on day 50. Analysis of the effect of the three substances on the activity of glutathione reductase showed that BA and p-CA decreased the activity of the enzyme compared with a control, and SA increased the activity of the enzyme. All of them showed the highest activity on day 40. SA increased the activity of catalase, but BA and p-CA reduced the activity of this enzyme. In all the experimental groups, the activity was the highest on day 40. In conclusion, p-CA and BA appear to promote the growth of tobacco plants. The growth was the best on day 50, but the activity of the antioxidative enzyme was inhibited. On the contrary, SA seemed to inhibit the growth of the tobacco plants but to promote the activity of glutathione reductase and catalase. The growth of the plants treated with SA was best on day 40.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.349-356
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• 2002

In order to observe the bioactivity of ovariectomized rats, nonovariertoized (sham) group, ovariectomized (Ovx) group, ovariectomized ginseng total saponin (GTS)-treated (Ovx+ GTS) group and ovariectomized ginseng water extract (GW)-treated (Ovx+CW) group were made. We measured AST (L-aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (L-alanin aminotransferase) in sera, and MDA (malondialdehyde:lipid peroxidation), SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase, total-glutathione (GSH + GSSG) and GPx (glutathione peroxidase) in liver tissue total homogenates of rat. AST activity of serum in Ovx group was 2.11 times increased, but ALT activity was not changed compared to Sham group. In AST activity, they tend to decrease significantly in each substance such as GTS and GW administered group. Lipidperoxides of each fraction in Ovx group were highly increased compared to Sham group. Extracts of ginseng-treated group markedly inhibited lipid peroxidation by 62% ∼72%. And as the result of the measurements of SOD, catalase, total-glutathione and GPx which are antioxidant enzyme, antioxidant enzymes in Ovx group much lower than in Sham group. But they were significantly increased in each substance such as GTS and GW, administered group. Based on the results, it is supposed that more produced free radicals decreased antioxidant enzyme. And it is also thought that extracts of ginseng can inhibit aging by reducing antioxidant enzyme.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.49-58
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• 2002

Oxidative stress derived from reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the major damaging factors in plants exposed to environmental stress. In order to develop the platform technology to solve the global food and environmental problems in the 21s1 century, we focus on the understanding of the antioxidative mechanism in plant cells, the development of oxidative stress-inducible antioxidant genes, and the development of transgenic plants with enhanced tolerance to stress. In this report, we describe our recent results on industrial transgenic plants by the gene manipulation of antioxidant enzymes. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in chloroplasts were developed and were evaluated their protection effects against stresses, suggesting that simultaneous overexpression of both SOD and APX in chloroplasts has synergistic effects to overcome the oxidative stress under unfavorable environments. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a human dehydroascorbate reductase gene in chloroplasts were showed the protection against the oxidative stress in plants. Transgenic cucumber plants expressing high level of SOD in fruits were successfully generated to use the functional cosmetic purpose as a plant bioreactor. In addition, we developed a strong oxidative stress-inducible peroxidase promoter, SWPA2 from sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas). We anticipate that SWPA2 promoter will be biotechnologically useful for the development of transgenic plants with enhanced tolerance to environmental stress and particularly transgenic cell lines engineered to produce key pharmaceutical proteins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.193-197
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• 1997

Elevation of the activities of phase 2 enzymes such as quinone reductase(QR) provides protection against several types of neoplasia. In this study, we performed partial purification of QR inducer(s) from roasted and defatted perilla meal by solvent fractionation and thin layer chromatography. Cellular QR induction was most notable in chloroform fraction of roasted perilla extract, compared with other solvent fractions. QR inducer(s) was partially purified by TLC, with 0.8 of $R_f$ value in n-butanol : n-propanol : 2N-ammonium hydroxide(10 : 60 : 30). AHH-inducing activity in TLC fractions isolated from methanol extracts of roasted perilla comigrated with QR-inducing fraction, suggesting that QR and AHH are induced by the same compound. TLC fractions shown strong QR-inducing activity also had a potent antioxidative activity, suggesting that cellular QR enzyme is induced by antioxidant(s) present in roasted perilla.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2002

N-nitrosoethylurea (NEU) -induced changes of lipid peroxide content, aldehyde metabolic enzyme activities and antioxidant enzyme activities were examined in cultured rat liver cell. Aldehyde metabolic enzymes tested in this investigation were alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Several antioxidant enzymes tested were glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and catalase. When the cell was exposed with various concentrations of NEU, lipid peroxide content increased about 2.5 fold with 6.25 mM NEU. Maximun 2.3 times higher alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found after NEU treatment. About 2 times higher aldehyde dehydrogenase activity could also be observed. Only slight increases of glutathione transferase and catalase activities occurred with NEU treatment. In addition mnximun 1.5 times higher superoxide dismutase activities and 3 times higher glutathione reductase activities were found after NEU treatment. Therefore, it is likely that the increases of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase could contribute in a antioxidative process against NEU toxicity.