• Title/Summary/Keyword: Antimony

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The Study on the Effect of Phosphorous Poisoning of V/W/TiO2 Catalyst According to the Addition of Sb in NH3-SCR (NH3-SCR에서 Sb 첨가에 따른 V/W/TiO2 촉매의 Phosphorous 피독 영향 연구)

  • Jung, Min Gie;Shin, Jung Hun;Lee, Yeon Jin;Hong, Sung Chang
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.32 no.5
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    • pp.516-523
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    • 2021
  • A study using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) was conducted in conjunction with ammonia as a reducing agent for controlling nitrogen oxides, a typical secondary inducer of fine dust in the atmosphere. For NH3-SCR experiments, a commercial catalyst of V/W/TiO2 only and also V/W-Sb/TiO2 catalyst with Sb were used, and phosphorous durability was confirmed. As a result of NH3-SCR experiments, it was confirmed that the addition of Sb to V/W/TiO2 had durability against phosphorous. In addition, the physical and chemical properties were comparatively analyzed through BET, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, and FT-IR analysis. From the anaylsis results, when Sb was added to V/W/TiO2 catalyst, P was also added resulting in the formation of SbPO4 and the generation of VOPO4 was suppressed. The phosphorous durability was confirmed by maintaining the redox characteristics of the catalyst before P was added.

A Study on UV Filters, Preservatives and Heavy Metals Contained in the Children's and Inorganic Sunscreens Distributed in Korea (국내 유통 어린이 및 무기 자외선차단제에서 자외선 차단성분, 보존제 및 중금속 실태 조사)

  • Kim, Aeran;Lee, You-Jin;Cho, Yun-Sik;Kim, Hyun-Jue;Cho, Sang-Hun;Kim, Yang-Hee;Ro, Jeong-won;Park, Yong-Bae
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.289-296
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    • 2021
  • In this study, 27 inorganic sunscreens and 23 sunscreens for children were collected to investigate the use and incorporation of 17 types of sunscreen agents, 13 types of preservatives, and 5 types of heavy metals. As a result, sunscreen agents were detected in the order of titanium dioxide (41 cases), zinc oxide (29 cases), bis-ethylhexyloxyphenyltriazine (10 cases), ethylhexyl salicylate (8 cases), and ethylhexylmethoxynamate (8 cases), and preservatives were detected in order of phenoxyethanol (6 cases), benzoic acid (1 case), and dihydroacetic acid(1 case). All of the identified sunscreen agents were suitable for labeling, but phenoxyethanol, a preservative component other than labeling, was detected at a concentration of 0.1%. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, and nickel were not detected or were detected at various concentrations of less than 3.6 ㎍/g. All the detected UV filters, preservatives, and heavy metals were less than the allowed maximum amount stipulated by the Regulations on Cosmetic Safety Standards in Korea.

Characteristics of Lead isotope ratios and Trace elements of Excavated Bronze weapons in Pre-historical Age (선사시대 출토 청동 무기류의 납동위원소비 및 미량원소 특성)

  • Kim, So Jin;Hwang, Jin Ju;Han, Woo Rim
    • Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.219-226
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    • 2021
  • We examined component analysis and lead isotope ratio analysis to find out the relationship between the excavation and the production site of 25 bronze weapons from prehistoric ages. All 25 bronze weapons are ternary alloys of copper-tin-lead and lead is artificially added. The lead isotope ratios of 25 bronze weapons show that bronze are made by raw materials in the southern regions of the Korean Peninsula, including northern China. The raw materials of narrow-shaped bronze dagger are supplied in zone 1-3 and northern China. In addition, provenance of lead for bronze halberd and pearhead are the rest of the region except for zone 1 and zone 4. Silver are enriched in most samples and zinc and cobalt are deficient. Arsenic and antimony detected only specific samples and can be used as critical parameter for provenance study. Lead isotopes and trace elements of archaeological bronzes will provide conservation scientist with useful tool to study the provenance of raw materials

Geochemical Contamination Assessment and Distribution Property Investigation of Heavy Metals, Arsenic, and Antimony Vicinity of Abandoned Mine (폐광산 인근지역에서 중금속, 비소, 안티모니의 지구화학적 오염도 평가 및 분산 특성 조사)

  • Han-Gyum Kim;Bum-Jun Kim;Myoung-Soo Ko
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.55 no.6
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    • pp.717-726
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    • 2022
  • This study was conducted to assess the geochemical contamination degree of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn in the soil and water samples from an abandoned gold mine. Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were carried out to assess the geochemical contamination degree of the soil samples. Variations of sulfate and heavy metals concentration in water samples were determined to identify the geochemical distribution with respect to the distance from the mine tailing dam. Geochemical pollution indices indicated significant contaminated with As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in the soil samples that areas close to the mine tailing dam, while, Sb showed similar indices in all soil samples. These results indicated that the As, Cd, Pb, and Zn dispersion has occurred via anthropogenic sources, such as mining activities. In terms of water samples, anomalies in the concentrations of As, Cd, Zn, and SO42- was determined at specific area, in addition, the concentrations of the elements gradually decreased with distance. This result implies the heavy metals distribution in water has carried out by the weathering of sulfide minerals in the mine tailing and soil. The study area has been conducted the remediation of contaminated soil in the past, however, the geochemical dispersion of heavy metals was supposed to be occurred from the potential contamination source. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the soil and water is necessary after the completion of remediation.

Origin of Manganese Carbonates in the Janggun Mine, South Korea (장군광산산(將軍鑛山産) 망간광물의 성인(成因)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Kyu Han
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.109-122
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    • 1986
  • Mn-Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the Janggun mine are hosted in the Cambro-Ordovician Janggun limestone mostly along the contacts of the Jurassic Chunyang granite. The deposits are represented by several ore pipes and steeply dipping lenticular bodies consisting of lower Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide ores and upper manganese carbonate and oxide ores. The former consists mainly of arsenic, antimony, silver, manganese, and tin-bearing sulfides, whereas the latter are characterized by hypogene rhodochrosite, and superficial manganese oxides including todorokite, nsutite, pyrolusite, cryptomelane, birnesite and janggunite. Origin of the upper manganese ore deposits has been a controversial subject among geologists for this mine: hydrothermal metasomatic vs. syngenetic sedimentary origin. Syngenetic advocators have proposed a new sedimentary rock, rhodochrostone, which is composed mainly of rhodochrosite in mineralogy. In the present study, carbon, oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions were analayzed obtaining results as follows: Rhodochrosite minerals, (Mn, Ca, Mg, Fe) $CO_3$, from hydrothermal veins, massive sulfide ores and replacement ores in dolomitic limestone range in isotopic value from -4.2 to -6.3‰ in ${\delta}^{13}C$(PDB) and +7.6 to +12.9‰ in ${\delta}^{18}O$(SMOW) with a mean value of -5.3‰ in ${\delta}^{13}C$ and +10.7‰ in ${\delta}^{18}O$. The rhodochrosite bearing limestone and dolomitic limestone show average isotopic values of -1.5‰ in ${\delta}^{13}C$ and +17.5‰ in ${\delta}^{18}O$, which differ from those of the rhodochrosite mentioned above. This implies that the carbon and oxygen in ore fluids and host limestone were not derived from an identical source. ${\delta}^{34}S$ values of sulfide minerals exhibit a narrow range, +2.0 to +5.0‰ and isotopic temperature appeared to be about $288{\sim}343^{\circ}C$. Calculated initial isotopic values of rhodochrosite minerals, ${\delta}^{18}O_{H_2O}=+6.6$ to +10.6‰ and ${\delta}^{13}C_{CO_2}=-4.0$ to -5.1 ‰, strongly suggest that carbonate waters should be deep seated in origin. Isotopic data of manganese oxide ores derived from hypogene rhodochrosites suggest that the oxygen of the limestone host rock rather than those of meteoric waters contribute to form manganese oxide ores above the water table.

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Studies on Anisakis Type Larvae (Anisakis 형(型) 유충(幼蟲)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Lim, Jung Teck
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.293-307
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    • 1975
  • As it has been known recently that anisakis type larvae harbouring in marine fishes are a causal agent of zoonosis to human and probably to land living mammal animals, attention was focused on the study on the larvae in an aspect of epidemiology or epizootiology. The present work was conducted from 1966 to 1975 for i) survey on the harbouring status of anisakis type larvae in marine fishes of this country, ii) observation on the response to the experimental infestation of the larvae to the pigs, in the reason that they could well fetid raw fish viscera occasionally containing the larvae as a high protein source of swine food, and iii) observation on the larval resistance and response to vermicidal agents for the purpose of prevention of the larval infection to the mammal animals. The data obtained in the studies were summarized as follows: 1. In the survey on the status of larvae harbouring in main species of marine fishes of this country, 15 species, a total of 1,940 fishes, were observed and the result was summarized in table 2. Average number of larvae, in upper rank of 5 out of all 15 species of fishes, were as highest as 156 larvae ranging 74 to 450 in Pseudosciaena manchurica (chamjogi), 54.5 ranging 15 to 240 in Trichiurus haumela (kalchi), 35.6 ranging 8 to 112 in Trachurus japonica (junggengi), 30.6 ranging 4 to 65 in Parapristipama trilineatum (benjari) and 20.5 ranging 3 to 48 in Nibea argentata (boguchi) respectively. In morphological observation, size of the larvae in the fishes were varied, ranging from 2 to 32mm long, and a tendency to larger size and number of larvae in the fishes, which were wider sea migration, higher age and lager bodily size, was observed The favorite places harbouring the larvae in fishes were mainly around the intraperitoneal viscera such as mesentery, omentum, liver, pyloric suspensory, fat tissue and cloaca, and rarely in body muscles of fish. Fishes heartily infested with the larvae showed stunted growth decreased egg formation and severe damage of liver. 2. In the experimental infestation of the larvae to normal pigs, as illustrated in table 3, a group with large dose of larvae (a total of 1,800 larvae, 300 larvae Per dose, twice in a dart for 3 days) showed acute clinical syndrome terminatine death with a week course, whereas two groups with less dose of larvae (a total of 180~360 larvae, 10 larvae per dose, at 5 days interval for 70~180 days) showed subclinical syndrome with remarkably stunted growth as. much as approximately one half of body size in contest to the control pigs. In the pathological findings, a group with large dose of larvae showed macroscopically larvae penetrating to the gastric wall with severe gastroenteritis, and histopathologically various acute lesions caused by active larvae penetration into the wall of stomach and interstine, whereas two groups with less dose of larvae showed chronic lesions such as hypertrophy and verminous granulomatous swelling of gastric wall, suggesting strongly the possibility of natural infestation of larvae to swine. 3. In the resistance of the larvae to the chemical solutions, the larvae tolerated for 2 days in 15 percent solution of sodium chloride and acetic acid, and for 7 days in 70 percent solution of ethyl alcohol. In the resistance to the temperature, the larvae died within 1 second at $62^{\circ}C$ and tolerated for 24 hours at $-3^{\circ}C$, 12 hours $-5^{\circ}C$ respectively. 4. For the experiment on the vermicidal effect to larvae, general vermicidal drugs such as Neguvon, Combantrin, antimony Potassium, piperazine adipate and piperazine dihydrochloride, oxidizer such as potassium permanganate and potassium chlorate, and dyes such as gentian violet and crystal violet were used, and among them, as illustrated in table 6, potassium permanganate was proved as the best. In the successive test for the practical use of potassium permanganate, vermicidal effect in seawater solution of potassium permanganate and common-water solution of potassium permanganate were compared, and then retested by dipping the fish viscera including the larvae into the two different solutions of potassium permanganate. The result through these tests indicated that 0.01 percent common water and sea-water solution of potassium permanganate could be apparently recommended as a preventive vermicidal solution, having 90 to 100 percent vermicidal effect by dipping for 12 to 24 hours even though sea-water solution of potassium permanganate had a tendency to slightly less effect than the common-water solution of potassium permanganate (Table 8).

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Compositional Variation of Arsenopyrites in Arsenic and Polymetallic Ores from the Ulsan Mine, Republic of Korea, and their Application to a Geothermometer (울산광산산(蔚山鑛山産) 유비철석(硫砒鐵石)의 조성변화(組成變化) 및 지질온도계(地質溫度計)에 대(對)한 적용(適用))

  • Choi, Seon-Gyu;Chung, Jae-Ill;Imai, Naoya
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.199-218
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    • 1986
  • Arsenopyrite in arsenic and polymetallic ores from calcic Fe-W skarn deposit of the Ulsan mine, Republic of Korea, has been investigated by means of electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffractometry. As a result, it is revealed that the Ulsan arsenopyrite may be classified into the following three species with different generation on the basis of its mode of occurrence, chronological order during polymetallic mineralization and chemical composition; arsenopyrites I, II and III. 1) Arsenopyrite I-(Ni, Co)-bearing species belonging to the oldest generation, which has crystallized together with (Ni, Co)-arsenides and -sulpharsenides in the early stage of polymetallic mineralization. In rare cases, it contains a negligible amount of antimony. It occurs usually as discrete grains with irregular outline, showing rarely subhedral form, and is diffused in skarn zone. The maximum contents of nickel and cobalt are 10.04 Ni and 2.45 Co (in weight percent). Occasionally, it shows compositional zoning with narrow rim of lower (Ni+Co) content. 2) Arsenopyrite II-arsenian species, in which (Ni+Co) content is almost negligible, may occur widely in arsenic ores, and its crystallization has followed that of arsenopyrite I. It usually shows subhedral to euhedral form and is closely associated with $l{\ddot{o}}llingite$, bismuth, bismuthinite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bismuthian tennantite, etc. It is worthy of note that arsenopyrite II occasionally contains particles consisting of both bismuth and bismuthinite. 3) Arsenopyrite III-(Ni, Co)-free, S-excess and As-deficient species is close to the stoichiometric composition, FeAsS. It occurs in late hydrothermal veins, which cut clearly the Fe-W ore pipe and the surrounding skarn zone. It shows euhedral to subhedral form, being extremely coarse-grained, and is closely associated with pyrite, "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, etc. Among three species of the Ulsan arsenopyrite, arsenopyrite I does not serve as a geothermometer, because (Ni+Co) content always exceeds 1 weight percent. In spite of the absence of Fe-S minerals as sulphur-buffer assemblage, the presence of $Bi(l)-Bi_2S_3$ sulphur-buffer enables arsenopyrite II to apply successfully to the estimation of either temperature and sulphur fugacity, the results are, $T=460{\sim}470^{\circ}C$, and log $f(S_2)=-7.4{\sim}7.0$. With reference to arsenopyrite III, only arsenopyrite coexisting with pyrite and "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite may serve to restrict the range of both temperature and sulphur fugacity, $T=320{\sim}440^{\circ}C$, log $f(S_2)=-9.0{\sim}7.0$. These temperature data are consistent with those obtained by fluid inclusion geothermometry on late grandite garnet somewhat earlier than arsenopyrite II. At the beginning of this paper, the geological environments of the ore formation at Ulsan are considered from regional and local geologic settings, and physicochemical conditions are suspected, in particular the formation pressure (lithostatic pressure) is assumed to be 0.5kb (50MPa). The present study on arsenopyrite geothermometry, however, does not bring about any contradictions against the above premises. Thus, the following genetical view on the Ulsan ore deposit previously advocated by two of the present authors (Choi and Imai) becomes more evident; the ore deposit was formed at shallow depth and relatively high-temperature with steep geothermal gradient-xenothermal conditions.

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A Study on Migration of Heavy Metals from Kitchen Utensils Including Glassware, Ceramics, Enamel, Earthenware and Plastics (유리제 등 조리기구 중 중금속 이행에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Jae-Chon;Park, Se-Jong;Goh, Hyeah;Lee, Ju Yeun;Eom, Mi Ok;Kim, Meehye
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.334-339
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of our study was to investigate the migration level of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), hexavalent chromium ($Cr^{6+}$) and mercury (Hg) from cookwares into food simulants and to evaluate the safety of each heavy metals. The test articles for heavy metals were glassware, ceramics, enamel, earthenware, polypropylene and polyethylene cookwares for Pb and Cd, enamel for Sb, earthenware for As, polyethylene and polypropylene cookwares for $Cr^{6+}$ and Hg. All the article samples of 391 intended for contact with foods were purchased in domestic markets. Pb, Cd, Sb and As were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), $Cr^{6+}$ by UV visible spectrophotometer and Hg by mercury analyzer. The migration levels of heavy metals in all the samples were within the migration limits of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). As a result of safety evaluation, our results showed that the estimated daily intakes (EDI, mg/kg bw/day) were $9.12{\times}10^{-6}$ and $8.83{\times}10^{-7}$ for Pb and Cd from ceramics and $1.19{\times}10^{-5}$, $1.23{\times}10^{-5}$ and $7.52{\times}10^{-6}$ for Pb, Cd and Sb from enamel. Tolerable daily intakes (TDI, mg/kg bw/day) were established respectively as 0.0036, 0.00081, 0.0021, and 0.0006 for Pb, Cd, As and Hg by JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), as 0.0060 for Sb by WHO (World Health Organization). When comparing with TDIs, the EDIs accounted for 0.25% and 0.11% for Pb and Cd from ceramics and 0.33%, 1.52% and 0.13% for Pb, Cd and Sb from enamel.

Evaluation of Elution Characteristics by Material for Kitchen Utensils - Focusing on the Metallic Kitchen Utensils (유통 주방기구의 재질별 용출 특성 평가 -금속제 주방기구 중심으로-)

  • Kim, Jae-Kwan;Im, Kyung-Sook;Kim, Myung-Gil;Park, Sung-Hee;Seo, Mi-Young;Lee, Yu-Na;Kim, Jung-Sun;Ku, Eun-Jung;Chae, Sun-Young;Park, Yong-Bae;Yoon, Mi-Hye
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.51-59
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    • 2021
  • In this study we analyzed the elution rates of 11 metals from 82 metallic kitchen utensils purchased in the market. The elution frequency of the 11 types of metals was iron > aluminum > chromium, nickel > zinc > copper > lead > arsenic > antimony > stannum > cadmium. For metallic kitchen utensils, the elution rate of heavy metals was 7.3-93.9%, and the average elution concentration was 0.001-13.473 mg/L. The average elution concentration of heavy metals was ranged between none-detected (N. D.) to 30.473 mg/L for non-coated kitchen utensils and 0.000-10.005 mg/L for coated kitchen utensils. The average elution concentration of metals from domestic kitchen utensils ranged from 0.001-25.145 mg/L, and from 0.000-33.518 mg/L for imported kitchen utensils. In particular, aluminum was found to be high in domestic kitchen utensils while iron was high in imported kitchen utensils. The average elution concentration of heavy metals was N.D.-2.670 mg/L for stainless steel, N.D.- 31.575 mg/L for aluminum, and N.D.-307.737 mg/L for iron. The amount of transition to food after cooking was investigated.

Monitoring of Hazardous Metals Migrated from Home-Cooking Utensils (홈베이킹 조리기구에서 용출되는 유해금속 실태조사)

  • Park, Sung-Hee;Kim, Myung-Gil;Son, Mi-Hui;Seo, Mi-Young;Jang, Mi-Kyung;Ku, Eun-Jung;Chae, Sun-Young;Park, Yong-Bae
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.264-270
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    • 2021
  • In this study we investigated the elution level of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), antimony (Sb), germanium (Ge), aluminum (Al) and hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from 69 home-cooking utensils into a food stimulants. The results of migration testing according to the Korea standards and specifications for utensils, containers and packages showed values the allowable migrantion limits. Al was detected in all 7 utensil materials with the average concentration ranging from 0.002-5.989 mg/L. According to the migration conditions for (180℃, 30 min), the average concentration of Al in paper was 7.2 times higher than 25℃, 10 min (P<0.05). The results of migration testing at 180℃, 30 min were also below the allowable migrantion limits. When comparing with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of Al, the estimated weekly intakes (EWI) accounted for 0.000-0.045% for Al.