• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.397-404
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• 1988

A total of 593 mastitic pathogens were isolated from the clinical mastitic milk of dairy cattle in Gyeonggi area from March 1984 to February 1988. The mastitic pathogens were further studied bacteriologically and examined for susceptibility patterns to 10 antibiotics. The results obtained were summerized as follows: 1. One hundred and seventy three pathogens were isolated in the first year of studies, 205 pathogens in the second year, 122 pathogens in the third year and 93 pathogens in the last year. 2. The pathogens isolated from clinical mastitis were more in summer than other seasons. 3. Staphylococcus spp (50%) and Streptococcus spp (18%) were the main pathogens in the first year of studies but coliforms (15%) and other bacteria (40%) were the main pathogens in the last year of studies. 4. Coliform mastitis was occurred only in summer and autumn. 5. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the same genuses from clinical mastitis infections in different herds and in different years varied greatly. Therefore, treatment should be selected on the basis of susceptibility test results.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 1999

A new antibiotic bead, CJ-40003 is a combination of three antibiotics, tobramycin, vancomycin and cefazolin embedded in bone cement, for the treatment of osteomyelitis. To evaluate the general pharmacological properties of CJ-40003, the effects of its active ingredients were investigated in mice, rats, dogs and isolated guinea pig ileum. The combination of three antibiotics (CA) did not affect general behavior, central nervous system, smooth muscles, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and respiratory system and water and electrolytes excretion when administered intravenously at the doses of 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg, respectively, into experimental animals. The CA had no effect on the contractile response of the isolated guinea pig ileum to various spasmogen at concentrations of 1, 3 and 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, respectively. In conclusion, the active ingredients of CJ-40003 showed no pharmacological effect in these studies.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.59-120
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• 1977

An antibiotic 'P', which is one of the products of the Gist Brocades N. V. is being tested by its research department as fungicide on seed-potatoes. For this testing they designed experiments, with two control groups, one competitor's product, eight formulations of the antibiotic to be tested in different concentrations and one mercury treatment which can not be used in practice. The treated potatoes were planted in three different regions, where bifferent conditions prevail. After several months the harvested potatoes are divided in groups according to their diameter, potato illness is analysed and counted. These data were summarised in percentage and given to us for Analysis. We approached and analysed the data by following methods: a. Computation of the mean and standard deviation of the percenage of good results in each size group and treatment. b. Computation of the experimental errors by substraction of each treatment mean from observed data. c. Description of the frequency table, plotting of a histogram and a normal curve on same graph to check normality. d. Test of normality paper and chi-sqeare test to check the goodness of fit to a normal curve. e. Test for homogeneity of variance in each treatment with the Cochran's test and Hartley's test. f. Analysis of Variance for testing the means by one way classifications. g. Drawing of graphs with upper and lower confidence limits to show the effect of different treatments. h. T-test and F-test to two Control mean and variance for making one control of Dunnett's test. i. Dunnett's Test and calculations for numerical comarision of different treatments wth one control. In region R, where the potatoes were planted, it was this year very dry and rather bad conditions to grow potatoes prevailed during the experimental period. The results of this investigation show us that treatment No.2, 3 and 4 are significantly different from other treatments and control groups (none treated, just like natural state). Treatment no.2 is the useless mercury formulation. So only No. 3 and 4, which have high concentrations of antibiotic 'P', gave a good effect to the potatoes. As well as the competitors product, middle and low concentrated formulations are not significantly different from control gro-ups of every size. In region w, where the potatoes got the same treatments as in region R, prevailed better weather conditions and was enough water obtainable from the lake. The results in this region showed that treatment No. 2, 3, 4, and 5 are Significantly different from other treatments and the control groups. Again No.2 is the mercury treatmentin this investigation. Not only high concentrated formulation of antibiotic 'P', but also the competitor's poroduct gave good results. But, the effect of 'P', was better than the competitors porduct. In region G, where the potatoes got the same treatments as in the regions R and w. and the climate conditions were equal to region R, the results showed that most of the treatments are not significantly different from the control groups. Only treatment no. 3 was a little bit different from the others. but not Significantly different. It seems to us that the difference between the results in the three regions was caused by certain conditions like, the nature of the soil the degres of moisture and hours of sunshine, but we are not sure of that. As a conclusion, we can say that antibiotic 'P' has a good effect on potatoes, but in most investigations a rather high concentration of 'P' was required in formulations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.232-239
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• 2009

This research investigated the characteristics of antibiotic resistance of bacteria in microbial communities from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs), and monitored seasonal changes of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) from MWTPs and Han river. When antibiotics were amended to either R2A agar (R2A) for general heterotrophs or MacConeky sorbitol agar (MSA) for coliform bacteria, all the MWTP samples exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance on the antibiotic-amended solid media. The antibiotic resistance appearing frequencies of ampicillin and sulfathiazole, respectively, were higher than reported data for other countries. The antibiotic resistance appearances differed depending upon the concentrations of primary substrate and nutrients and the types of cultivation media. The following 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis showed that the identified multiple-antibiotic resistant microbes on R2A plates were more likely to be known human-pathogenic bacteria than the background heterotrophic bacteria were, suggesting a high risk of antibiotic resistance appearance to public health. In addition, according to our investigation of seasonal changes of ARB from urban MWTP and river samples, the frequency of ARB appearances was shown to correlate positively with temperature. This indicates a possibility that global warming result in increase in microbial risk to public health.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.543-554
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the existence of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole resistance Helicobacter pylori and to determine the in-vitro MIC of two and three kinds of antibiotic concominant administration in the isolates. The antimicrobial agents tested against 169 H. pylori included metronidazole, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, omeprazole, josamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. MIC of each antimicrobial agents was determined by broth microdilution method. The 169 strains of H. pylori were isolated from biopsy specimens of patients with gastric cancer. $MIC_{50}$ of clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, omeprazole, erythromycin, josamycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin was 2.0, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0, 0.5, 0.5, and $0.5\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. $MIC_{90}$ of clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, omeprazole, erythromycin, josamycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin was 64.0, 64.0, 32.0, 16.0, 8.0, 2.0, and $1.0\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. H. pylori isolates were detected in the following resistaince rates: 34.3% to clarithromycin, 31.9% to metronidazole, 20.7% to amoxicillin, 12.4% to erythromycin, and 10.1% to josamycin. The prevalence of the antibiotic resistant strains of H. pylori were detected 18.1% for two kind of antibiotics and 9.6% for three kind of antibiotics, and 3.9% for four kind of antibiotics. The $MIC_{90}$ of clarithromycin-, metronidazole-, and amoxicillin-resistant H. pylori was decreased under the $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ by the two or three kind of antibiotic concomitant administration in-vitro. These results suggest that two or three antibiotics concomitant administration could be more effective for the treatment of clarithromycin-, amoxicillin-, metronidazole-, and josamycin-resistant H. pylori strains.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.270-278
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• 2000

The study was performed to investgate the excellent microbial anticaries substance which is more effective that the chlorhexidine in the dental caries treatment. A typi-cal strain which produced the most excellent antimicrobial subatance was selected. and identified novel alkalophillic Bacillus alkalophilshaggy JY-827. For the maximal production of themicrobial antibiotic against Streptococcus mutans from B. alkalophilshaggy JY-827, the optimal culture condition was in the medium containing glucose 15g/ L, pepton 10g/L and $K_2$$HPO_4$ 2g/L the highest production of antibiotic against S.mutans was obtained at $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 11.0 for 5 days. The antibiotic from B. alkalophilshaggy JY-827 was purified by organic solvent extraction, silica gel and sephadex LH-20 column chromatograpies, and then crystallized with methanol. The crystallin compoma-tion of this antibiotic was as a curcular shape. The melting point and rm[$\alpha$]$D^{20}$ were 152-154$^{\circ}C$ and +55。, respec-tively. Based on Instumental analyses such as FT-IR, $^{1}$H-NMR $^{13}$ C-NMR and GC-mass, the antibiotic was identified as aminoglycoside. It was obtained as amorphous white power, and soluble in water power, and soluble in water, methanol but insoluble in ether, chroloform. This antibiotic inhibited the growth of S.mutans to about 3 day at the concentration of $2.5$\times$10^{-7}$ /M. It was stable at the alkalli condition but unstable within the acid condition. It was also stable up to $70^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.175-182
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• 2023

Antibiotics have been used in livestock production for not only treatment but also for increasing the effectiveness of animal feed, aiding animal growth, and preventing infectious diseases at the time when immunity is lowered due to stress. South Korea and the EU are among the countries that have prohibited the use of antibiotics for growth promotion in order to prevent indiscriminate use of antibiotics, as previous studies have shown that it may lead to increase in cases of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, this study evaluated the number of antibiotic resistance genes in piglets staging from pre-weaning to weaning. Fecal samples were collected from 8 piglets just prior to weaning (21 d of age) and again one week after weaning (28 d of age). Total DNA was extracted from the 200 mg of feces collected from the 8 piglets. Whole metagenome shotgun sequencing was carried out using the Illumina Hi-Seq 2000 platform and raw sequence data were imported to Metagenomics Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (MG-RAST) pipeline for microbial functional analysis. The results of this study did not show an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria although confirmed an increase in antibiotic-resistant genes as the consequence of changes in diet and environment during the experiment.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.396-401
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• 2013

Chronic osteomyelitis is an infection and inflammation of the bone or bone marrow, causing ischemia in bone marrow due to lack of blood, nutrients, and oxygen supply to the bone marrow, eventually leading to necrosis of bone marrow. A current method for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is administration of systemic antibiotics followed by removal of the infected bone and tissues. Because infected tissue of chronic osteomyelitis is surrounded by avascular necrotic bone, supply of blood and antibiotics to the infected area is diminished. For effective treatment, high plasma concentrations of antibiotics should be provided for a prolonged period. However, long term high serum level of antibiotics may result in undesirable adverse effects. For delivery of a sufficient concentration of antibiotic to the infected area while avoiding the adverse effect, implantation of a local antibiotic delivery system is suggested. One of the implantation systems that has been utilized is antibiotic impregnated polymethyl methacrylate.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.146-153
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• 2007

A mathematical competition model between normal flora and an invading pathogen was devised to allow analysis of bacterial infections in a host. The normal flora includes the various microorganisms that live on or within the host and act as a primary human immune system. Despite the important role of the normal flora, no mathematical study has been undertaken on models of the interaction between it and invading pathogens against a background of antibiotic treatment. To quantify key elements of bacterial behavior in a host, pairs of nonlinear differential equations were used to describe three categories of human health conditions, namely, healthy, latent infection, and active infection. In addition, a cutoff value was proposed to represent the minimum population level required for survival. The recovery of normal flora after antibiotic treatment was also included in the simulation because of its relation to human health recovery. The significance of each simulation parameter for the bacterial growth model was investigated. The devised simulation showed that bacterial proliferation rate, carrying capacity, initial population levels, and competition intensity have a significant effect on bacterial behavior. Consequently, a model was established to describe competition between normal flora and an infiltrating pathogen. Unlike other population models, the recovery process described by the devised model can describe the human health recovery mechanism.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria from the 4 patients with non-odontogenic infectious lesions (mucormycosis, chronic inflammation from wound infection, and two actinomycosis) and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility against eight antibiotics. Bacterial culture was performed under three culture conditions (anaerobic, $CO_2$, and aerobic incubator). The bacterial strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) sequence comparison analysis method. For investigating the antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria against eight antibiotics, penicillin G, amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and Augmentin$^{(R)}$ (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurement was performed using broth microdilution assay. Nosocomial pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, and Neisseria flavescens were isolated from mucormycosis. Veillonella parvula, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were isolated from chronic inflammatory lesion. Actinomyces massiliensis was isolated from actinomycosis in parotid gland. Capnocytophaga ochracea was isolated from actinomycosis in buccal region in anaerobic condition. There was no susceptible antibiotic to all bacteria in mucormycosis. Tetracycline was susceptible to all bacteria in chronic inflammation. C. ochracea was resistant to vancomycin and penicillin G; and other antibiotics showed susceptibility to all bacteria in actinomycosis. The results indicated that the combined treatment of two or more antibiotics is better than single antibiotic treatment in mucormycosis, and penicillin is the first recommended antibiotic to treat actinomycosis.