• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.807-814
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• 2012

Saururus chinensis has long been widely used in oriental folk medicines to treat diseases. In the current study, organic solvent fractions obtained from the main methanolic extract of S chinensis were evaluated for their antioxidative and related physiological activities. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was measured using DPPH free radical scavenging activity, increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the $ED_{50}$ of the ethyl acetate fractions exhibited a value of 12.84 ${\mu}g/ml$ higher than 27.22 ${\mu}g/ml$ compared to the BHT. Also, the cell viability of S. chinensis on $H_2O_2$-induced HDF cell death ($IC_{50}$) showed the highest cell viability of 89.39% in 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ of ethyl acetate fraction and 67.98% of visible cell survival rate in n-butanolic fraction. Meanwhile, all fractions of the S. chinensis extract led to a slight down regulation of the mRNA expression of fibulin-5, which is related to skin elasticity, and the ethyl acetate fraction having high antioxidant activity showed a markedly inhibitory effect on chick embryonic angiogenesis using the CAM assay. These results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of S. chinensis extract could be a good material in therapeutic application for antioxidant and related anti-angiogenesis activities.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.779-786
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• 2012

Rhodiola sachalinensis fermentates by lactic acid bacteria were prepared using the adsorption process, and were investigated for changes of the main compounds and anti-oxidative activities during the adsorption and fermentation process. While the R. sachalinensis extract (RSE), which did not go through the adsorption process, showed little change in pH during fermentation and a significant reduction in the number of lactic acid bacteria, the pre-preparatory adsorption process was found to be helpful for promoting fermentation and for maintenance of bacterial numbers. The contents of total phenolic compounds mostly decreased during the adsorption process, but showed an increasing tendency to rebound during the fermentation process. The contents of salidroside and p-tyrosol in the RSE were 1153.3 mg% and 185.0 mg% respectively, and they did not significantly change after treatment with acid clay or bentonite as adsorbents, which were 1093.0 and 190.5 mg% by acid clay, and 882.2 and 157.3 mg% by bentonite. When the extract was fermented after treatment with acid clay or bentonite, the salidroside contents were decreased by 282.7 and 505.0 mg% respectively, but the p-tyrosol contents were increased by 714.0 and 522.4 mg% respectively. Compared to the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the RSE (66.8%) at the conc. of 0.1%, that of the fermented RSE, which went through adsorption process with acid clay or bentonite, was significantly increased to 79.4 and 72.7% respectively at the same concentration (p<0.05). Though fermentation by lactic acid bacteria was suppressed in the RSE, the results suggested that the adsorption process may promote fermentation without any change in the content of major active compounds. It is expected that fermentation by lactic acid bacteria could improve the antioxidant activity and various associated functionalities of R. sachalinensis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1652-1660
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• 2004

Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) is essential in atherogenesis, being a factor that modulates its early progression rather than a terminal event in the course of the disease. Various stimuli, including oxide lipoproteins, altered hemodynamic stress and free radical, can induced VSMCs apoptosis in vitro. The protective effects of Sophorae Radix (SR) on apoptotic cell death induced by H₂O₂ were investigated in VSMCs. The viability of VSMCs was markedly decreased by H₂O₂. Sophorae Radix protected the H202-induced apoptotic death of VSMCs, which was characterized as nuclear fragmentation and increase of sub-G0/G1 fraction .. Sophorae Radix decreased the activation of caspase-3 like protease induced by H₂O₂ and recovered control level from H202-induced PARP, Bak, Bcl-XL and mitochondrial membrane potential. These results suggest that Sophorae Radix protected VSMCs apoptotic death induced by H₂O₂ via inactivation of caspase-3 and modulation of mitochondrial function. Also, the expression profile of proteins by using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was screened. Future investigations will need to explore the use of an anti atherosclerotic therapy of Sophorae Radix, which relies on inhibition of the proapoptotic activation of the vascular smooth muscle cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1163-1169
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• 2007

Effects of Sotosaja hwan on Blood Glucose, Hyperlipidemia, Polyol Pathway and Antioxidative Mechanism in ob/ob Mouse Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role. Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Sotosaja-hwan has been known to be effective for the antiaging and composed of four crude herbs. In male ob/ob mouse in severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia, which are features of NIDDM, the hyperglycemic activites and mechanisms of Sotosaja-hwan were examined. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the lean (C57/BL6J black mice) and diabetic (ob/ob mice) control groups received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 30 and 90 mg Sotosaja-hwan per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. The effects of Sotosaja-hwan extract on the ob/ob mice were observed by measuring the serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid components, and the kidney levels of superoxide anion radical $({\cdot}O_2)$, MDA+HAE, GSH/GSSG ratio, and also the enzyme activities involved in polyol pathway. Sotosaja-hwan lowered the levels of serum glucose and insulin in a dose dependent manner. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were decreased, while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased, in Sotosaja-hwan treated groups. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were inhibited in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan inhibited the generation of ${\cdot}O_2$ in the kidney. Finally, MDA+HAE levels was increased and GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were improved in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan showed the antidiabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing the MDA+HAE levels in the ob/ob mice.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.214-222
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Glutathione S-transferase (GST) forms a multigene family of phase II detoxification enzymes which are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics by conjugating substances with glutathione. The aim of this study is to assess the antioxidative status and the degree of DNA damage in the subclinical hypertensive patients in Korea using glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We examined whether DNA damage and antioxidative status show a difference between GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotype in 227 newly diagnosed, untreated (systolic blood pressure $(BP){\geq}130mmHg$ or diastolic $BP{\geq}85mmHg$) subclinical hypertensive patients and 130 normotensive subjects (systolic BP < 120 mmHg and diastolic BP < 80 mmHg). From the blood of the subjects, the degree of the DNA damage in lymphocyte, the activities of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, the catalase, and the glutathione peroxidase, the level of glutathione, plasma total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), anti-oxidative vitamins, as well as plasma lipid profiles and conjugated diene (CD) were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 227 subjects studied, 68.3% were GSTM1 null genotype and 66.5% were GSTT1 null genotype. GSTM1 null genotype had an increased risk of hypertension (OR: 2.104, CI: 1.38-3.35), but no significant association in GSTT1 null genotype (OR 0.982, CI: 0.62-1.55). No difference in erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase, and plasma TRAP, CD, lipid profiles, and GSH levels were observed between GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotype. Plasma levels of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ increased significantly in GSTT1 wild genotype (P < 0.05); however, plasma level of ${\beta}-carotene$ increased significantly in GSTT1 null genotype (P < 0.01). DNA damage assessed by the Comet assay was significantly higher in GSTM1 null genotype than wild genotype (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the association between GSTM1 null genotype and risk of hypertension as they suggest that GSTM1 null genotype leads to an increased oxidative stress compared with wild genotype.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.4 s.94
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• pp.62-78
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• 2005

The modern period was the time that the most radical and extensive social and mental changes were occurring throughout the history, and modernism was prevailing as a general cognition system of people. Modernism, which carries principles of progress, belief in application of scientific technology, worship of reason, ideal of liberty as a col-e value of civilization, was plated as a leading ideology in the realm of society, culture and art In the early 20th century. In this study, the formative characteristics of modernism seen in architecture and fashion are analogized and analyzed in four ways ell the basis of the theory of p. Greenhalgh. First, 'Standardization for mass-production', which is analogized which P. Greenhalgh's 'Decompart-mentalisation', 'Social Morality', and' Technology'. Standardization for mass-production in architecture focuses on the development of a design prototype in order to mass produce; the development of ready-made clothes is actively done ill the fashion area for the same purpose as well. Second, 'Rational functionality' coming from P. Greenhalgh's 'The total work of art' and 'Function'. While rational functionality in architecture puts an emphasis on the rational operation of all the functions in regard to the relation between each part and the whole, rational functionality in fashion call be mainly seen in a dramatic increase in physical activity which could be hardly found before the modernism period. Namely, all the fashion design elements are developed for a certain rational and functional design on each part as well as on the whole in order to greatly increase physical activity. Third, 'the pursuit for genuineness of objects and universality of beauty' is on the analogy of P Greenhalgh's 'Truth', 'Anti-historicism', 'Abstraction', 'Internationalism/Universality'. This idea is adopted in architecture in the form of design of geometrical abstraction. In the same way, design using geometrical abstraction comes to have a significant meaning in fashion of the modernism period. So to speak, modernism architecture and fashion can be reborn to become an inter·national style by giving up the decorative and regional design prevailing before modernism and by expressing universal aesthetics in the form of simplicity and abstraction instead. Fourth, 'Expression of progress through a change in a viewpoint' stems from P. Greenhalgh's 'Progress', 'Transformation of Consciousness', 'Theology'. In architecture, this concept appears by using new construction materials and methods and by representing new aesthetical idea. As a result, it makes it possible for people to make progress for better lives. Like in architecture, new attempts for material application and processing are made in fashion. This gives rise to a general change in a viewpoint related to fashion, so that a flew fashion design which there has never been before can come out.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2016

The current study was carried out to determine the effects of the seed, flesh (seedless fruit), and leaf of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindle.) on antioxidative activity and anti-proliferation in human cancer cells. Total polyphenol contents of loquat seed, flesh, and leaf ethanol extracts were found to be 17.77, 32.32, and 28.08 mg/g, respectively. Also, total flavonoid contents of loquat seed, flesh, and leaf ethanol extracts were found to be 18.77, 28.73, and 21.35 mg/g, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH hydroxyl scavenging of loquat seed, flesh, and leaf ethanol extracts were 0.049, 0.063, and 0.042 mg/mL, respectively. Antioxidative indexes of loquat leaf and seed ethanol extracts was highly and it was similar to the BHA and BHT. The antioxidative activities in loquat seed and leaf ethanol extracts were higher in loquat flesh. The antiproliferation effect of loquat seed and leaf ethanol extracts on liver cancer cell line (H460), stomach cancer cell line (AGS) and lung cancer cell line (A549) showed higher values compared with the flesh ethanol extracts. These results indicate that loquat ethanol extracts may play a positive role in antioxidative properties and cancer prevention.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 2020

A novel compound named 'kanakugiol' was recently isolated from Lindera erythrocarpa and showed free radical-scavenging and antifungal activities. However, the details of the anti-cancer effect of kanakugiol on breast cancer cells remain unclear. We investigated the effect of kanakugiol on the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Kanakugiol affected cell cycle progression, and decreased cell viability in MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. It also enhanced PARP cleavage (50 kDa), whereas DNA laddering was not induced. FACS analysis with annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed necrosis induction in kanakugiol-treated cells. Caspase-9 cleavage was also induced. Expression of death receptors was not altered. However, Bcl-2 expression was suppressed, and mitochondrial membrane potential collapsed, indicating limited apoptosis induction by kanakugiol. Immunofluorescence analysis using α-tubulin staining revealed mitotic exit without cytokinesis (4N cells with two nuclei) due to kanakugiol treatment, suggesting that mitotic catastrophe may have been induced via microtubule destabilization. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis results also indicated mitotic catastrophe after cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells due to kanakugiol treatment. These findings suggest that kanakugiol inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell death by inducing mitotic catastrophe after cell cycle arrest. Thus, kanakugiol shows potential for use as a drug in the treatment of human breast cancer.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2014

Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides have functional and potential properties of casein hydrolysates that are used in the development of food ingredients and anti-hypertensive hydrolysates derived from sodium caseinate enzymatic hydrolysates. Sodium caseinate could be treated by various kinds of commercial proteases, and then could be treated with the enzyme combination. Ultrafiltration treatment can be used to generate hydrolysates that can be used to determine ACE inhibitory activity. In general, hydrolysate quality can be evaluated by changes in hydrolysis characteristics, ACE inhibitory activity, as well as functional properties such as solubility, foam capacity, cytotoxicity, free radical-scavenging effects, and sensory evaluation. In this review, we present an overview of the ACE inhibitory peptides obtained by performing enzymatic hydrolysis on various sources to identify food ingredients and functional foods that reduce hypertension.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1992

To determine the efficacy of uniconzaole[(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethy 2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol)](XE-1019) as a phytoprotectant against $O_3$ injury in tomato plants(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Pink Glory'), plants were given a 50ml soil drench of uniconazole solution at concentrations of 0.001, 0,01, 0.1 and 0.2mg/pot thirteen days prior to $O_3$ fumigation. All four uniconazole concentrations were effective in providing protection against $O_3$ exposure(16h at 0.3 ppm). Uniconazole treatment above 0.001 mg/pot significantly reduced stem elongation, leaf enlargement, leaf area and fresh weight of plant, whereas increased chlorophyll concentration. Transpiration rate on a whole plant basis was reduced by uniconazole treatment and $O_3$ exposure. Uniconazole reduced ethylene production induced by $O_3$ injury but had little or no effect on defoliation of cotyledons and leaf epinasty. Activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were slightly increased by application of uniconazole. With increasing exposure time, $O_3$ increased POD activity but decreased SOD activity. The phytoprotective effects of uniconazole were diminished by applying gibberellin at $10{\sim}20$ ppm. These results suggest that the phytoprotective effects of uniconazole are related to its role of increasing activities of free radical scavengers such as POD and SOD, in addition to growth-retardation as an anti-gibberellin.