• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.357-363
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• 2022

Immunological imbalance eventually results in the development of various diseases. A typical example is an imbalance of cytokines with immunomodulatory abilities. In this paper, we propose a two-variable delay model to anti-pro-inflammatory cytokine therapy for autoimmune diseases, which are caused by an imbalance between the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The interaction between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were modeled mathematically to investigate the relevance of cytokines in disease processes. The delay time was estimated to maintain the stability of a biologically important steady state. In particular, the effects of delay with anti-pro-inflammatory cytokines therapy in autoinflammatory diseases were studied.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.37-43
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• 2020

Objectives : Allium hookeri is a well-known traditional herbal remedy and its root used for treatment of inflammation and tumor. However, the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of Allium hookeri is still unknown. This study aims to examine the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of Allium hookeri on mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. Methods : Anti-oxidant effect of water extract of Allium hookeri (WEAH) was measured by 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay. 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay was performed to determine the effect of WEAH on cell viability in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, anti-inflammatory effect of WEAH was investigated in RAW 264.7 cells. Inflammation of RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysarccharide (LPS) treatment and expression levels of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IκBα) after LPS treatment with WEAH-treated RAW 264.7 cells was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Results : WEAH showed a strong anti-oxidant effect and no cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells up to 2 mg/㎖ concentration. The LPS-induced mRNA expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased by WEAH treatment. Furthermore, the LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκBα is attenuated by WEAH treatment. Conclusions : Through experimental demonstration of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of WEAH, we suggest that Allium hookeri is a valuable material for prevention and treatment of various inflammatory diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.52-73
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• 2022

Objectives: The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of LCVC (Lonicerae Flos, Citri Pericarpium and Violae Herba Complex) have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods: The evaluation of the anti-oxidative activity of LCVC was completed via DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity, FRAP assay, measurement of polyphenol and flavonoid, assessment of ROS and NO levels in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity was defined by measuring the production of biomarkers (PGE2, IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF-𝛼), proteins (ERK, JNK, P38, Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1 and NQO1) and expressions of genes (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1𝛽, IL-6, TNF-𝛼, Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1 and NQO1) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Results: LCVC have polyphenol and flavonoid contents. The results of DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacity and FRAP assay showed that the anti-oxidative activity was increased. Production of ROS, NO, IL-6, TNF-𝛼, mRNA expressions of IL-1𝛽, IL-6, TNF-𝛼, Keap1, iNOS and COX-2 were decreased, and NQO1, Nrf2, and HO-1 were increased. In protein expression, JNK and Keap1 were decreased, NQO1, Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased, and no relationships were observed with the ERK and P38 by LCVC. Conclusions: These results suggest that LCVC may offer protective effects against LPS-induced inflammatory and oxidative responses through attenuating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and MAPKs pathway. Therefore, we propose that LCVC has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities that have therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative disorders caused by the over-activation of macrophages.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.111-123
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• 2002

Objectives : There have been many studies of the effect of Bee Venom therapy about arthritis, but no one study was reported about its whole functional mechanism to musculo-skeletal system. This study was designed to investigate the effect, Indication, and side effect of Bee Venom therapy on musculo-skeletal disease by literature review of articles. Results : The effects of Bee Venom therapy to musculo-skeletal system are divided to Anti_inflammatory effect and Anti-nociceptive effect. Anti_inflammatory effect is achieved through competitive chemotaxis, immuno-regulation, increasing of cortisol secretion by stimulating hypothalamus-pituitary gland-adrenal cortex axis. Anti-nociceptive effect is achieved by Anti-inflammatory mechanism and it works similar to anti-nociceptive effect of the acupuncture acting on central and peripheral nociceptive transduction system. The Bee Venom therapy could cause severe side effect, for example, hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis, injury to central nerve system and cardiovascular system, peripheral blood system, and renal dysfunction. Conclusions : With its Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive mechanism, Bee Venom therapy is considered that has good effects to autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation of various musculo-skeletal disease and various pain syndrome. But the clinician must be careful for its side effects.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.679-685
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• 2017

Stachys affinis tubers are known for its high content of stachyose and eaten as an edible vegetable. In this work, we assessed on the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferation activity of a various type of extracts derived from S. affinis tubers. The n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions were showed the high cytotoxicity on the cell lines including RAW264.7 macrophages, HEK293 human kidney cell, A549 human lung cancer cell, KB human oral cancer cell, and a PC-3 human prostate cancer cell. N-butanol and water fractions were not exhibited cytotoxicity on the tested cancer cells, limited in anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Nevertheless, the ethyl acetate fraction showed little harm to RAW264.7 cells but inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) significantly. In addition, it arrests the cell growth in A549, KB, and PC-3 cell while little cytotoxicity on HEK293 cells. Consequently, these results supported that the ethyl acetate fraction of S. affinis tubers could be a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer ingredient.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2019

The present study was conducted to investigate anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the leaves of Ilex latifolia Thunb (I. latifolia) in in vivo and in vitro. Writhing responses induced by acetic acid and formalin- and thermal stimuli (tail flick and hot plate tests)-induced pain responses for nociception were evaluated in mice. I. latifolia (50 - 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg, p.o.), a positive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the second phase response (peripheral inflammatory response) in the formalin test, but did not protect against thermal nociception and the first phase response (central response) in the formalin test. These results show that I. latifolia has a significant anti-nociceptive effect that appears to be peripheral, but not central. Additionally, I. latifolia (50 and $100{\mu}g/mL$) and 3,5-di-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester ($5{\mu}M$) isolated from I. latifolia as an active compound significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS and COX-2, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$, in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that I. latifolia can produce antinociceptive effects peripherally, but not centrally, via anti-inflammatory activity and supports a possible use of I. latifolia to treat pain and inflammation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.97-97
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• 2018

Honey used as conventional medicine has various pharmacological properties. In the honey and anti-inflammatory effect, Gelam honey and Manuka honey has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanisms of acacia honey (AH) are not well understood. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of AH in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH attenuated NO production through inhibition of iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH also decreased the expressions of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MCP-1 expression as a pro-inflammatory chemokine. In the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms, AH decreased LPS-mediated $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation and subsequent nuclear accumulation of p65, which resulted in the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in RAW264.7 cells. AH dose-dependently suppressed LPS-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, AH significantly inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of ATF2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that AH has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ and MCP-1 via interruption of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathways.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.612-621
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• 2018

Honey used as conventional medicine has various pharmacological properties. In the honey and anti-inflammatory effect, Gelam honey and Manuka honey has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanisms of acacia honey (AH) are not well understood. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of AH in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH attenuated NO production through inhibition of iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH also decreased the expressions of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MCP-1 expression as a pro-inflammatory chemokine. In the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms, AH decreased LPS-mediated $I{\kappa}B$-${\alpha}$ degradation and subsequent nuclear accumulation of p65, which resulted in the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in RAW264.7 cells. AH dose-dependently suppressed LPS-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, AH significantly inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of ATF2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that AH has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ and MCP-1 via interruption of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathways.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.236-238
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• 1989

The anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of the constituents from Atractylodes rhizomes were evaluated. Atracylone showed anti-microbial activity. Atractylone and attractylenolide I possessed considerable anti-inflammatory activity utilizing rat cotton pellet granuloma bioassay.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.72-83
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of the Paulownia tomentosa extracts (PTE). The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of PTE were 148.98±1.84 mg GAE/g extract, and 115.33±4.16 mg CE/g extract, respectively. The PTE showed that strong antioxidant activity via -diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. PTE remarkably reduced protein expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), resulting in inhibition of production of nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, pre-treatment of PTE significantly suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, PTE significantly attenuated LPS-induced IkappaB (IκB) degradation and suppressed nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation in macrophages. The PTE showed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. These data suggest that PTE has pharmacological activity and may be useful for the development of anti-inflammatory agents.