• 생약학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2016

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant(MDR) strain. (+)-Usnic acid(UA) is uniquely found in lichens, and is especially abundant in genera such as Usnea and Cladonia. UA has antimicrobial activity against human and plant pathogens. Therefore, UA may be a good antibacterial drug candidate for clinical development. In search of a natural products capable of inhibiting this multidrug-resistant bacteria, we have investigated the antimicrobial activity of UA against 17 different strains of the bacterium. In this study, the effects of a combination of UA and permeable agents against MRSA were investigated. For the measurement of cell wall permeability, UA with concentration of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) was used. In the other hand, Sodium azide($NaN_3$) was used as inhibitors of ATPase. Against the 17 strains, the minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of UA were in the range of $7.81-31.25{\mu}g/ml$. EDTA or $NaN_3$ cooperation against MRSA showed synergistic activity on cell wall. UA and in combination with EDTA and $NaN_3$ could lead to the development of new combination antibiotics against MRSA infection.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.674-679
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• 2008

황금 추출물이 조골세포와 파골세포에 미치는 영향을 세포수준에서 관찰하고자 하였다. 조골세포에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여, mouse calvaria 유래의 MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells를 이용하여 세포 생존률, 염기성 인산분해효소 활성, 골석회화 형성능을 측정하였다. 또한 미분화된 파골세포 전구세포로부터 파골세포의 생성 및 활성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여, murine macrophage 유래인 Raw 264.7 cells를 이용하여 M-CSF와 RANKL을 처리하여 파골세포의 분화를 유도하였고, TRAP에 양성인 다핵세포의 형성을 관찰하여 황금추출물이 파골세포의 형성에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 황금 추출물이 MC3T3-E1 세포의 증식에 미치는 영향을 MTT assay로 측정한 결과, MC3T3-E1 세포는 처리한 황금 추출물의 농도에 의존적으로 세포의 증식이 촉진되는 경향을 나타내었으며 특히 $1{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 130.4%의 증식 효과를 나타내었다. 또한 황금 추출물이 세포에 독성을 나타내지 않는 범위($0.01-1{\mu}g/mL$)에서 MC3T3-E1 세포의 ALP activity를 측정한 결과, 농도에 의존적으로 ALP activity가 증가하였으며 $1{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 152.0%의 ALP 활성 증가효과를 나타내었다. 황금 추출물의 최적 작용 농도 $1{\mu}g/mL$에서 골석회화 형성능을 측정한 결과, 배양 시간에 따라 계속 증가하여 배양 20일째는 대조군에 비해 223.3%의 석회화 형성능을 나타내었다. 황금 추출물의 파골세포 분화억제 효과를 알아보기 위해 황금 추출물이 세포에 독성을 나타내지 않는 범위($0.01-10{\mu}g/mL$)에서 TRAP staining한 결과, 황금 추출물은 $0.0{1\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 대조군에 비해 파골세포 분화를 50% 이상 감소시켰으며 농도 의존적으로 TRAP 양성 세포가 감소함을 관찰하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼 때, 황금 추출물이 골다공증을 포함한 골질환 예방에 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.382-390
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• 2020

S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger 등 4종의 식중독균에 대해 agar diffusion법을 이용하여 홍삼(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)으로 부터 조제한 홍삼농축액, 조사포닌, 비수용성 분획에 대한 항균활성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 홍삼농축액 및 비수용성분획은 E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger에 대해서는 항균활성을 나타내지 않았고 조사포닌도 고농도인 30%를 제외한 모든 농도에서 항균활성을 나타내지 않았다. S. aureus는 Gram positive 세균으로서 화농성 식중독의 원인균이면서 동시에 아토피성 피부염의 원인균으로 알려져 있는데, 홍삼농축액은 30% 농도에서 이 균에 대해 항균활성을 나타내었고 조사포닌도 7.5%에서 항균활성을 나타내었다. 홍삼으로부터 조제한 비수용성 분획도 10~200 mg/mL 농도로 실험한 결과 모든 분획에서 항균효과를 나타내었다. 조사포닌 및 홍삼농축액의 미생물 생육저해양상을 조사하기 위해 미리 S. aureus를 접종한 0.85% 생리식염수에 농축액 및 조사포닌을 농도별로 첨가하고 35℃, 12시간 배양한 후 생균수를 측정한 결과, 홍삼농축액은 10% 이상의 농도에서, 조사포닌은 2% 이상의 농도에서 각각 균의 생육을 억제하였다. 그러나 이러한 농도에서도 생균수는 완전히 사멸되지 않아서 홍삼농축액 및 조사포닌의 S. aureus에 대한 생육억제작용은 살균작용이 아닌 정균 작용으로 추정되었다. 사포닌의 항균활성 유무를 확인하기 위해 순수 분리된 ginsenoside 6종(PT saponin, PD saponin, ginsenoside-Rb₂,-Rc,-Rd,-Rf,-Rg₂)의 항균활성을 50~200 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 조사한 결과 모두 항균효과가 관찰되지 않아서 ginsenoside는 S. aureus에 대해서는 항균효과가 없는 것으로 사료된다. 한편 사포닌을 제외한 비사포닌 성분인 비수용성분획에 대해 상기의 4종 병원성미생물을 대상으로 항균활성을 조사한 결과 E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger에 대해서는 항균효과가 관찰되지 않았고 S. aureus에 대해서만 선택적인 항균활성을 나타내었다. 항균활성 발현 비수용성분획 중 15% methanol분획(MF-1)이 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내어 이에 대한 최소생육저해농도를 조사한 결과 0.625 mg/mL 이었다. MF-1 분획을 질량분석기(HPLC-MS)로 조사한 결과 주요한 활성성분은 분자량 179.55 및 187.55를 가지는 물질로 추정되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.510-514
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• 2007

Twenty-five bacterial strains that secrete mucous materials were isolated from sediment obtained from King George Island, Antarctica. Seven of these strains proved capable of producing cryoprotective exopolysaccharides. The strain KOPRI 21653 was selected for the further study of an anti-ice-nucleating polysaccharide (ANP), which originated from a polar region. KOPRI 21653 was identified as Pseudoalteromonas arctica as the result of 16S rRNA analysis. The exopolysaccharide, P-21653, was purified completely from the KOPRI 21653 cell culture via column chromatography and protease treatment. The principal sugar components of P-21653 were determined to be galactose and glucose, at a ratio of 1:1.5, via GC-MS analysis. The cryoprotective activity of P-21653 was characterized via an E. coli viability test. In the presence of 0.1% (w/v) P-21653, the survival ratio of E. coli cells was as high as 82.6% over three repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The survival ratio decreased drastically to 71.5 and 48.1 %, respectively, in five and seven repeated cycle conditions; however, the survival ratios were greater over three (96.6-92.1%) to seven (100.5-91.6%) freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of 0.5 and 1.0% (w/v) P-21653. In addition, at much lower concentrations (0.1-1.0%), P-21653 resulted in survival ratios (83.1-98.4%) similar to those of two commercially available cryoprotectants ($V_{EG}$ plus X-1000, 92.9% and $V_{M3}$, 95.3%), which were utilized at the recommended concentrations (90%). The biochemical characteristics of exopolysaccharide P-21653 reflect that this compound may be developed as a useful cryoprotectant for use in medical applications and in the food industry.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.458-467
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• 2006

In order to develop a Bokbunja(Rubus coreanum Miquel) with natural & food applications, the effects of Bokbunja juice and wine on the physical, textural anti bacterial and sensory properties of sulgiduck were examined. Aw of Bokbunja sulgiduck(BS) decreased as storage time prolonged. Bokbunja juice sulgiduck(BJS) was higher than Bokbunja wine sulgiduck(BWS) in water activity. BJS and BWS showed low tendency in pH as additional level was high and storage time was prolonged. Hardness of the samples increased as the storage period increased, the samples exhibited a rapid increase after 24 hours of storage. BJS was lower significantly than those of none bokbunja after 6 hours of storage. Chewiness increased slowly to 12 hours. it appeared sudden decrease after 12 hours. Adhesiveness increase of the storage 24 hours it appeared. Springiness slowly reduced with the storage period, especially J4 was slowly reduced gumminess of the samples increased as the storage period. Cohesiveness increase of the slowly width for during the storage 12 hours, increase of the largest width was after save 12 hours. Color a and b values increased significantly, as storage time was prolonged. Total colony of all the BS increased. total colony of BWS decreased as additional level of Bokbunja wine. All the sensory characteristics indicated rapid decrease tendency after 12hr storage. BWS showed higher score than BJS in overall acceptability. BWS and BJS increased in color and flavor as additional level of juice and wine increased, while softness decreased as storage time was prolonged. BWS 3% showed highest score among all the BS through all storage time. BWS 3% was most excellent in sensory evaluation.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.414-419
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• 2018

병원성 대장균 O157:H7은 식중독 사고를 일으키는 주된 원인균으로서 항생제 내성 문제를 극복하기 위해서는 병원성 대장균 O157:H7을 제어하기 위한 새로운 방법이 개발되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 식물화학물질을 스크리닝하여 병원성 대장균 O157:H7의 부착에 주된 역할을 하는 LEE 오페론의 발현을 감소시키는 물질을 찾고자 하였다. 스크리닝을 통해 선발된 식물화학물질 중 다이오스민은 사람 결장 상피세포 부착능을 3.62배 감소시킴으로써(p<0.01) 양성대조군으로 사용된 미리세틴과 유사한 정도의 효과를 나타냈다. 생물막 형성에 있어서는 다이오스민 처리 시 표현형이 25.6% 감소하여 유의적 차이가 확인되었고(p<0.05), curli 유전자의 발현 역시 미리세틴 처리 때보다 1.57-2.60배 더 유의미하게 감소하는 것으로 나타나 양성대조군보다 더 좋은 효과를 보였다. 한편 다이오스민은 병원성 대장균 O157:H7의 생장에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 내성 발생률이 저감화된 새로운 항미생물제재로서 사용 가능하리라 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1629-1635
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• 2014

It is known that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have many beneficial health effects, including anti-oxidative activity and immune regulation. In this study, the immune regulatory effects of Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus plantarum, which are found in different types of kimchi, were evaluated. L. sakei and its lipoteichoic acid (LTA) have greater immune stimulating potential in IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$ production as compared with L. plantarum in an in vitro condition. On the other hand, L. plantarum is assumed to repress the Th1 immune response in murine experiments. After being injected with LPS, L. plantarum-fed mice maintained a healthier state, and the level of TNF-${\alpha}$ in their blood was lower than in other bacterial strainfed mice and in the LPS-only control mice. Additionally, IL-12 production was significantly decreased and the production of IL-4 was greatly increased in the splenocytes from L. plantarum-fed mice. Further experiments revealed that the pre-injection of purified LTA from L. plantarum (pLTA), L. sakei (sLTA), and S. aureus (aLTA) decreased TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-4 production in LPS-injected mice. Mouse IL-12, however, was significantly increased by aLTA pre-injection. In conclusion, the L. sakei and L. plantarum strains have immune regulation effects, but the effects differ in cytokine production and the regulatory effects of the Th1/Th2 immune response.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.931-940
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• 2021

Objective: Light is a significant component of housing environment in commercial poultry industry. This study was conducted to investigate whether Pekin ducks perform better under monochromatic lights than under white light with respect to their growth performance, carcass quality, eyeball development, oxidation resistance, and cecal bacterial communities. Methods: A total of 320 one-day-old male Pekin ducklings were randomly distributed into five rooms with different light treatments, white, red, yellow, green, and blue light. Each room consisted of 4 replicated pens with 16 ducklings per pen. Results: Blue light significantly decreased fat deposition by decreasing abdominal fat. Long wavelength light, such as red, green, and yellow light, considerably increased the back-to-front eyeball diameter and the red light potentially enlarged the side-to-side eyeball diameter. Besides, the blue light had adverse effects on the oxidation resistance status in terms of increasing the product malonaldehyde of lipid oxidation and decreasing the plasma concentration of total superoxide dismutase. The phyla of Firmicutes had the greatest abundance in the green and blue treatments, while Bacteroidetes in blue treatment was the least. The genus of Faecalibacterium was significantly lower under the red light. Conclusion: The high risk of cecal health status and decreased anti-oxidation activity were observed under blue light. Red, yellow, and green light might increase the risk of oversized eyeball and cecal illness. Therefore, monochromatic lights compared to white light did not show advantages on the performance of housing ducks, it turns out that the white light is the best light condition for grow-out ducks.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.8.1-8.7
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• 2019

Objectives: Irrigants are imperative in endodontic therapy for the elimination of pathogens from the infected root canal. The present study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) with chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) for root canal disinfection. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained using serial dilution method. The agar diffusion method was then used to determine the zones of inhibition for each irrigant. Lastly, forty 6-mm dentin blocks were prepared from human mandibular premolars and inoculated with S. epidermidis. Samples were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 blocks and irrigated for 3 minutes with saline (control), 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, or 0.1% OCT. Dentin samples were then collected immediately for microbial analysis, including an analysis of colony-forming units (CFUs). Results: The MICs of each tested irrigant were 0.05% for CHX, 0.25% for NaOCl, and 0.0125% for OCT. All tested irrigants showed concentration-dependent increase in zones of inhibition, and 3% NaOCl showed the largest zone of inhibition amongst all tested irrigants (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the CFU measurements of 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, and 0.1% OCT showing complete elimination of S. epidermidis in all samples. Conclusions: This study showed that OCT was comparable to or even more effective than CHX and NaOCl, demonstrating antimicrobial activity at low concentrations against S. epidermidis.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2022

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Baicalein (BA) on the production of hydrogen peroxide in lipoteichoic acid-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Lipoteichoic acid-stressed RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were incubated with baicalein at concentrations of 50 and 100 µM. Incubation time is 30 minutes, 2 h, 12 h, and 18 h. After incubation, The production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages was measured with dihydrorhodamine 123 assay. Streptococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid and Streptococcus pyogenes lipoteichoic acid were used as cell-stimulating lipoteichoic acid. Cell viabilities were measured with a modified MTT assay. Berberine, indomethacin, and gallic acid were incubated for the same time as the comparative materials. Results : BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM did not show cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages for 24 h incubation. For 30 minutes, 2 h, 12 h, and 18 h incubation, BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM significantly inhibited the production of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated by Streptococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid (p < 0.05); also, BA at the concentration of 50 and 100 µM also inhibited the productions of hydrogen peroxide in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated by Streptococcus pyogenes lipoteichoic acid significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions : BA might have anti-bacterial activity related to its inhibition of hydrogen peroxide production in lipoteichoic acid-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages.