• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.960-966
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• 2002

Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae (JGD) has sweet in flavour and slightly cold in property, acting on the liver and pericardium channels. This drug was described in a medical classic as having the ability to remove 'heat', check hyperfunction of the liver and relieve dizziness, tremors, and convulsions, and subdue 'endogenous wind'. So this study was estimated to check the anti-neuropathological effect of JGD on the Alzheimer in βAPP overexpression in neuroblastoma cell line and JGD extract was showed significantly anti-alzheimer effects (50 and 100 μg/㎖ of JGD extracts) compared with control group. Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae has anti-alzheimer effects on the βAPP overexpression in neuroblastoma cell line. So we expect that Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae may be used as a drug for neurodegenerative disease, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD). These results indicate that Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae possess strong inhibitory effect in the nervous system of apoptosis and repair effect against the degeneration of Neuroblastoma cells by βAPP expression.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.243-247
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• 2017

To find the anti-Alzheimer's activity of Cacalia hastata var. orientalis (Compositae), caffeoylquinic acids were analyzed in this plant by HPLC and the inhibitory activities of the extract on cholinesterases including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterse (BChE) and peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) were assayed. Sum of caffeoylquinic acids in the 80% MeOH extract was quantitatively higher in leaves (35.8% of the extract) than in stems (3.7%). The compound, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, was contained in the highest amount in the leaf (44.32 mg/g dry weight). The $IC_{50}s$ of the 80% MeOH extract were shown to be $67.45{\mu}g/ml$ for AChE, and $8.59{\mu}g/ml$ (for $ONOO^-$), respectively, suggesting that the leaves would have the anti-Alzheimer's activity due to the high content of caffeoylquinic acids.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.506-514
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• 2023

Dementia has become one of the most important diseases threatening human health. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) have the highest incidence rates among the types of dementia, but until now, therapeutic methods have been limited. Panax ginseng has been used in China for thousands of years to treat dementia, and modern medical studies have found that it contains multiple active components, such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, amino acids, volatile oils and polyacetylenes, many of which have therapeutic effects in treating AD and VaD. Studies have found that ginsenosides have multitarget therapeutic effects in treating dementia, such as regulation of synaptic plasticity and the cholinergic system, inhibition of Aβ aggravation and tau hyperphosphorylation, anti-neuroinflammation, anti-oxidation effects and anti-apoptosis effects. Other active components of Panax ginseng, such as gintonin, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and ginseng proteins, also have therapeutic effects on AD and VaD. The effectiveness of ginseng-containing Chinese medicine compounds has also been confirmed by clinical and basic investigations in treating AD and VaD. In this review, we summarized the potential therapeutic effects and related mechanisms of Panax ginseng in treating AD and VaD to provide some examples for further studies.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.248.3-249
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• 2003

A series of tetrahydroaminoacridine and their analogues were synthesized. Tetrahydroaminoacridine(tacrine) is an anticholinesterase agent used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Introduction of piperidine group at the para position enhanced anti-inflamatory activity for Alzheimer's disease. We investigated their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 isoforms. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.270-274
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• 2019

Anti-acetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) activity and peroxynitrite scavenging activity of Ainsliaea acerifolia (Compositae) were studied to find its anti-Alzheimer's activity. The $IC_{50}$ was $73.4{\mu}g/mL$ in AChE assay and $8.60{\mu}g/mL$ in peroxynitrite assay. Caffeoylquinic acids that have been reported to have anti-Alzheimer's activity were analyzed in the leaf- and stem extract by HPLC. Caffeoylquinic acids occupied 25.1% of the leaf extract which was higher than 8.1% of the stem extract. Particularly, the content of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (145.6 mg/g) was highest of the tested caffeoylquinic acids. In addition, the $IC_{50}$ values of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were shown to be $3.79{\mu}g/mL$ in peroxynitrite assay and $69.19{\mu}g/mL$ in anti-AChE assay.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.204-211
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• 2005

We hypothesize that bear's gall may have a certain role in anti-inflammation through a preventive effect of pro-inflammatory potentials. Secondly, we tried to connect the experimental results to Alzheimer's disease (AD), which chronic inflammation is a main cause of the disease. For this theme, we designed to elucidate the efficacy of bear's gall in suppressing the pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and $interleukin-1{\beta}\;(IL-1{\beta})$ in rat microglia. From the study, we concluded that bear's gall plays a positive role in suppressing such pro-inflammatory repertoire from rat microglia comparing to normal and positive control, such as culture media and cyclosporine. Interestingly, bear's gall showed a prolonged effect of anti-inflammation comparing with cyclosporine when time goes by up to 48h with a significant suppression at $1.2\;mg/m{\ell}$. Therefore, we can consider that bear's gall in part can be applied to AD therapy in that it suppresses the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators as well as its continued effect.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.332-339
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• 2012

The components of Magnolia officinalis have well known to act anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective activities. These efficacies have been sold many products as nutritional supplement extracted from bark of Magnolia officinalis. Thus, to assess and compare neuroprotective effect in the nutritional supplement (Magnolia $Extract^{TM}$, Health Freedom Nutrition LLC, USA) and our ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis (BioLand LTD, Korea), we investigated memorial improving and anti-Alzheimer's disease effects of extract products of Magnolia officinalis in a transgenic AD mice model. Oral pretreatment of two extract products of Magnolia officinalis (10 mg/kg/day in 0.05% ethanol) into drinking water for 3 months ameliorated memorial dysfunction and prevented $A{\beta}$ accumulation in the brain of Tg2576 mice. In addition, extract products of Magnolia officinalis also decreased expression of ${\beta}$-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its product, C99. Although both two extract products of Magnolia officinalis could show preventive effect of memorial dysfunction and $A{\beta}$ accumulation, our ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis (BioLand LTD, Korea) could be more effective than Magnolia $Extract^{TM}$ (Health Freedom Nutrition LLC, USA). Therefore, our results showed that extract products of Magnolia officinalis were effective for prevention and treatment of AD through memorial improving and anti-amyloidogenic effects via down-regulating ${\beta}$-secretase activity, and neuroprotective efficacy of Magnolia extracts could be differed by cultivating area and manufacturing methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.139-149
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• 2006

Amyloid beta (A$\beta$) is believed one of the major pathogens of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the reduction of A$\beta$ is considered a primary therapeutic target. Immunization with A$\beta$ can reduce A$\beta$ burden and pathological features in transgenic AD model mouse. This means anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies may have a role in AD pathology. Recent findings suggest anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies level decrease in AD patients. The early detection of AD is important for treatment of this disease. However, diagnosis on AD has only been possible through limited methods such as neuropsychological examination or MRI. To investigate whether it was possible to detect the presence and different levels of naturally occurring anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with AD and age-matched controls. An advanced ELISA was performed to detect levels of naturally occurring anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies in the plasma. The level of anti-A$\beta$ auto-antibodies from patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease or stroke and from normal controls were compared to that of AD patients. Our results showed a significantly lower anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies level in AD compared to those with other neurological diseases or control. The level of anti-A$\beta$ autoantibodies in the serum may be used to diagnose the presence of AD.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.137-149
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• 2006

Amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$) is believed one of the major pathogens of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the reduction of $A{\beta}$ is considered a primary therapeutic target. Immunization with $A{\beta}$ can reduce $A{\beta}$ burden and pathological features in transgenic AD model mouse. This means $anti-A{\beta}$ autoantibodies may have a role in AD pathology. Recent findings suggest $anti-A{\beta}$ autoantibodies level decrease in AD patients. The early detection of AD is important for treatment of this disease. However, diagnosis on AD has only been possible through limited methods such as neuropsychological examination or MRI. To investigate whether it was possible to detect the presence and different levels of naturally occurring $anti-A{\beta}$ autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with AD and age-matched controls. An advanced ELISA was performed to detect levels of naturally occurring $anti-A{\beta}$ autoantibodies in the plasma. The level of $anti-A{\beta}$ auto-antibodies from patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease or stroke and from normal controls were compared to that of AD patients. Our results showed a significantly lower $anti-A{\beta}$ autoantibodies level in AD compared to those with other neurological diseases or control. The level of $anti-A{\beta}$ autoantibodies in the serum may be used to diagnose the presence of AD.

• BMB Reports
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.111-112
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• 2019

Although many studies have reported that the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents one of the major pathological changes in aging, the mechanism underlying this process remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we described that acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) derived from endothelial cells plays a critical role in BBB disruption in aging. ASM levels were elevated in the brain endothelium and plasma of aged humans and mice, resulting in BBB leakage through an increase in caveolae-mediated transcytosis. Moreover, ASM caused damage to the caveolae-cytoskeleton via protein phosphatase 1-mediated ezrin/radixin/moesin dephosphorylation in primary mouse brain endothelial cells. Mice overexpressing brain endothelial cell-specific ASM exhibited acceleration of BBB impairment and neuronal dysfunction. However, genetic inhibition and endothelial specific knock-down of ASM in mice improved BBB disruption and neurocognitive impairment during aging. Results of this study revealed a novel role of ASM in the regulation of BBB integrity and neuronal function in aging, thus highlighting the potential of ASM as a new therapeutic target for anti-aging.