• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.270-282
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the impact of sand addition to an intertidal for the development of the Manila clam habitat on benthic community structure. For this, we focused on the spatio-temporal changes in the surface sediment condition and benthic community structure before and after the event. Study site was an sandbank in Gonam-myeon, Taean-gun where sand added to on July 2010. We set three stations at each of sand adding area (experimental plot) and non sand-adding area (control plot) and did sampling works ten times from June 2010 to October 2011. Directly after the event, surface sediments changed to very coarse sand, but the state was not maintained over four months because of seasonal sedimentation and finally got back to very fine sand in eight months. The number of species and density were temporarily reduced right after the event and crustacean species such as Apocorophium acutum, Photis sp. were most negatively affected by the event. However, the number of species recovered from the reduction in three months and density did in four months due to the recolonization by the existing species and species in the vicinity of the plot. During the study period, dominant species continuously changed from the species such as A. acutum, Photis sp. at the time before the event, through the species such as Heteromastus filiformis, Macrophthalmus japonicus at the time right after the event, to the species such as Musculista senhousia, Ruditapes philippinarum, Mediomastus californiensis in the latter part of the study period. Although surface sediment properties and ecological indices recovered within a certain period after the event, the recovery of community structure has never been observed up to the end of the study.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2009

Purpose : A parallel imaging method provides us to improve temporal resolution to obtain three-dimensional (3D) MR images. The objective of this study was to optimize three 3D MRI techniques by adjusting 2D SESNE factors of the parallel imaging method in phantom and human brain. Materials and Methods : With a 3 Tesla MRI system and an 8-channel phase-array sensitivity-encoding (SENSE) coil, three 3D MRI techniques of 3D T1-weighted imaging (3D T1WI), 3D T2-weighted imaging (3D T2WI) and 3D fluid attenuated inversion recovery (3D FLAIR) imaging were optimized with adjusting SESNE factors in a water phantom and three human brains. The 2D SENSE factor was applied on the phase-encoding and the slice-encoding directions. Signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), percent signal reduction rate(%R), and contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR) were calculated by using signal intensities obtained in specific regions-of-interest (ROI). Results : In the phantom study, SENSE factor = 3 was provided in 0.2% reduction of signals against without using SENSE with imaging within 5 minutes for 3D T1WI. SENSE factor = 2 was provided in 0.98% signal reduction against without using SENSE with imaging within 5 minutes for 3D T2WI. SENSE factor = 4 was provided in 0.2% signal reduction against without using SENSE with imaging around 6 minutes for 3D FLAIR. In the human brain study, SNR and CNR were higher with SENSE factors = 3 than 4 for all three imaging techniques. Conclusion : This study was performed to optimize 2D SENSE factors in the three 3D MRI techniques that can be scanned in clinical time limitations with minimizing SNR reductions. Without compromising SNR and CNR, the optimum 2D SENSE factors were 3 and 4, yielding the scan time of about 5 to 6 minutes. Further studies are necessary to optimize 3D MRI techniques in other areas in human body.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the sporicidal efficacy of a fumigation disinfectant containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) spores. In this research, efficacy test of fumigant against C. perfringens spores was carried out according to French standard NF T 72-281. C. perfringens spores working culture suspension number (N value), all the spore numbers on the carriers exposed with the fumigant (n1, n2, and n3), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by pour plate method (N1), the number of bacterial spore suspensions by filter membrane method (N2) and the mean number of bacterial spore recovered on the control-carriers (T value) were obtained from the preliminary test. In addition, the reduction number of C. perfringens spores exposed with the fumigant (d value) was calculated using T value, the mean number of bacterial spore in recovery solution (n'1) and the mean number of bacterial spore on carriers plated in agar (n'2). N value was $4.3{\times}10^7spores/mL$, and n1, n2, and n3 were higher than 0.5N1, 0.5N2 and 0.5N1, respectively. Additionally, T value was $4.9{\times}10^5spores/carrier$. In the sporicidal effect of the fumigant, the d value was 4.52log reduction. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective sporicidal fumigant should be over than 3log reduction. The results indicated that Fumagari $OPP^{(R)}$ had an efficient sporicidal activity against spores of C. perfringens, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with bacterial spores.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.391-398
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• 2009

The objective of the present study was to compare of the effects of four molting methods on performance of laying hens. In total, 120 White Leghorn layers (62 weeks of age) were used. The four molting methods consisted of 10 days of feeding and the first 3 days of water withdrawal (FW1, 2) followed by ad libitum access to a layer diet 1 and 2 from day 11; 28 days of restricted feeding (NFW1); 28 days without withdrawing their feed (NFW2). Egg production of postmolt decreased until $3{\sim}4$ days at FW1 and FW2 treatments and until $16{\sim}18$ days at NFW1 and NFW2. 50% recovery of egg production were 7, 6, 7 and 5 week at FW1, FW2, NFW1, and NFW2 treatments, respectively. At day 14 of postmolt, the weight of livers, hearts, and oviducts decreased at molting treatments (P<0.05). Egg quality was improved on egg weight, eggshell thickness, eggshell break strength, and Haugh unit except egg yolk color (P<0.05).

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2002

In order to develop the breeding techniques to increase Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) population, the present study was performed 1) to establish the treatment protocol on reproductive disorders with GnRH or PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／, 2) to improve intraovarian PG $F_{2}$$\alpha$／ administration for reducing open period. Among total of 43 diagnosed, high percentage of cows (41.9％, 18 cows) were diagnosed as silent heat, followed by inactive ovaries (32.6％, 14 cows), ovarian cysts (9.3％, 4 cows), persistent corpus luteum (7.0％, 3 cows), endometriosis (4.7％, 2 cows), pyometra (2.3％, 1 cow) and luteal cysts (2.3％, 1 cow). To treat silent heat, 18 cows were administrated with 25 mg PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／, heat-detected, artificially inseminated and monitored pregnancy. All treated cows were heat-detected and 16 cows (88％) were successfully pregnant. With 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$ GnRH treatment, 7 cows (70％) with inactive ovaries and 3 cows (75％) with ovarian cysts were successfully pregnant. Administration with 25mg PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／, successfully treated 3 cows (100％) with persistent corpus luteum and 1 cow (100％) with luteal cysts, followed by 100％ pregnancy rate. With the combined treatment of 25 mg PG $F_{2}$$\alpha$／and antibiotics, 2 cows (100％) with endometriosis were effectively treated and got pregnant after. artificial insemination (AI). In order to reduce open period, 5 mg PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／ was administrated intraovarian to 20 days cows after delivery, heat-detected, artificially inseminated and monitored pregnancy. In the first experiment, in order to recover uterus, 5mg PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／were administrated, followed by administration of 5mg PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／ at the interval of 14 days. As results, 74％ (17／23 cows) of pregnancy rate after AI. In order to further reduce the open period, 5 mg PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／was administrated at the interval of 11 days without the period of uterus recovery, resulted in 94％ (16／17 cows) pregnancy rate. In conclusion, these results showed that PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／ and GnRH treatment were effective hormonal treatment resume in Hanwoo with various reproductive disorders. In addition, modified protocol of intraovarian PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／ administration could be the effective method for reducing the open period.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

Purpose: To analysis of the result of the treatment of metastatic diaphyseal fracture of the humerus with closed interlocking intrameduallry nailing. Materials and Methods: Among surgically treated 29 patients with pathologic or impending fracture of diaphysis of the humeurs, 13 patients (16 cases) treated with closed intramedullary interlocking nail were selected for the study. The final result of pain relief and functional recovery was evaluated by modified rating system of Perez et al. Results: Primary cancer was diagnosed after fracture was developed in 2 patients and pathologic or impending fracture was occurred average period of 28.9 months after primary cancer was diagnosed. The main primary malignancies were multiple myeloma, lung cancer and breast cancer. Mean survival after humeral metastasis was 11.7 months. The final result was superior to fair in 13 of 16 cases, and poor in 3 cases with progression of tumor spread or distant dissemination to the ipsilateral fingers. Except the latter 3 patients and other 3 patients, who died before 3 months postoperatively, bony union was achieved in 10 cases. There were no complications related to surgery. Conclusion: Closed interlocking intrameduallry nailing is accomplished with brief operative time, small amount of bleeding and provides immediate stability with resultant early return of function to the arm. Additionally it allows early postoperative irradiation. However, some of our cases shows that intramedullary nailing can accelerate tumor spread and metastases elsewhere, so that serious consideration must be given in planning this treatment. In conclusion, the functional status before fracture, life expectancy, type of tumor and extent of involvement should be carefully considered to decide operative treatment of metastatic disease.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2010

This study was conducted to develop a stand growth model and a stand yield table for Eucalyptus pellita and Acacia mangium plantations in Kalimantan, Indonesia. To develop a stand growth model, Weibull robability density function, a diameter class model, was applied in this study. In the development of stand growth model by site index and stand age, a hierarchy is generally required - estimation, recovery and prediction of the diameter class model. A number of grow equations were also involved in each process to estimate diameter, height, basal area, minimum or maximum diameter. To examine whether the grow equations are adequate for Eucalyptus pellita or Acacia mangium plantations, a fitness index was analyzed for each equation. The results showed that fitness indices were ranged from 65 to 89% for Eucalyptus pellita plantations and from 72 to 95% for Acacia mangium plantations. As being highly adequate for the plantations, a stand yield table was developed based on the resulted growth model, and applied to estimate the stand growth with midium site index for 10-year period. The highest annual stand growth of Eucalyptus pellita plantations was estimated to be 21.25 $m^3$/ha, while that of Acacia mangium plantations was 27.5 $m^3$/ha. In terms of annual stand growth, Acacia mangium plantations appeared to be more beneficial than Eucalyptus pellita plantations. Also, to estimate commercial timber volume available from the plantations, an assumption that a log would be cut by 2.7 m in length and the rest of the log would be cut by 1.5m was involved. The commercial timber volume available from Eucalyptus pellita plantations was 68.0 $m^3$/ha, 33% from the total stand volume, 203.2 $m^3$/ha. Also 96.7 $m^3$/ha of commercial timbers were available from Acacia mangium plantations, which was 42% from the 232.9 $m^3$/ha in total. Presenting a good information about the stand growth in Eucalyptus pellita and Acacia mangium plantations, this study might be useful for whom proceeds or considers an abroad plantation for merchantable timber production or carbon credit in tropical regions.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.77-97
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• 2001

Anti-angiogenesis is one of therapies which have been high-lightened on the research of cancer treatment. Anti-angiogenesis means that new blood vessels are created from a existing capillary tube and it is a important process on metastasis and permeation when cancer is created or formed. Since angiogenesis have been under research, a complete recovery oriented treatment against cancer have been suggested blocking metastasis, delaying the growth of cancer cell, and blocking the supply of oxygen and nutritive substance through the web of blood vessels. Until now, there are several anti-angiogenesis, which have been known to the public, such as thalidomide, angiostatin, endostatin, 2-methoxyestradiol, TNP-470, and marimastat, etc. Additionally, 17 clinical testing projects about anti-angiogenesis are on the process in NCI(National Cancer Institute). Especially, TNP-470 showed effectiveness against cancer on clinical testing after finishing animal testing. Based on existing researches showing that Yinsamyangwui-tang is effective to strengthening body resistance and Whallakhyolenyng-dan effects cells on the inside of blood vessel because Whallakhyolenyng- dan restrains cell adhesion during the restraining period of a blood vessel, I tried to research the effect of Whalakhyolenyng-dan plus Yinsamyangwui-tang on angiogenesis. I made a conclusion putting into operation through using SK-Hep-1 (KCLB 30052), A549(KCLB 10185), AGS(KCLB 21739), and BCE(Bovine Capillary Endothelial Cell). Followings are the results of my experimental research: 1. According to the researching results of anti-cancer activation against cancer cell, Whallkhyoleyng dan plus Yinsamyangwui-tang decreased the number of cancer cells -- While injecting $600{\mu}g/ml$, injected groups decreased 3.1% more comparing with the contrastive group of SK-Hep-1, 49.7% more comparing with the contrastive group of A549, and 31.0% more comparing with the contrastive group of AGS. 2. According to the researching results of DNA composition effect between BCE and cancer cell, Whallakhyoleyng-dan plus Yinsamyangwui-tang reduced the rate of SK-Hep-1 synthesis inhibition by 59.1% at $600{\mu}g/ml$ intensity comparing with contrastive group; for A549, 72.6%; for AGS, 6.1%, for BCE, 28.9%. 3. According to the researching results about the effect of BCE cell to angiogenesis, angiogenesis was restrained at $400{\mu}g/ml$ intensity during 18 hours observation. 4. In the case of aortic ring assay, the half level of angiogenesis was reduced comparing with the contrastive group while injecting with $400{\mu}g/ml$ intensity; with $800{\mu}g/ml$, under 10% comparing with contrastive group; and with $1600{\mu}g/ml$, complete restrain. According to the above results, Whallakhyoleyng-dan plus Yinsamyangwui-tang was proved to have an anti-angiogenetic effects.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 2006

The $SO_2$ reduction using CO and $H_2$ over Sn-Zr based catalysts was performed in this study. Sn-Zr based catalysts with Sn/Zr molar ratio (0/1, 1/4, 1/1, 2/1, 3/1, 1/0) were prepared by the precipitation and co-precipitation method. The effect of the temperature on the reaction characteristics of the $SO_2$ reduction with a reducing agent such as $H_2$ and CO was investigated under the conditions of space velocity of $10,000ml/g_{-cat.}h$, $([CO(or\;H_2)]/[SO_2])$ of 2.0. As a result, the activity of Sn-Zr based catalysts were higher than $SnO_2$ and $ZrO_2$. The reactivity for the $SO_2$ reduction with CO was higher than that with $H_2$, and sulfur yield in the $SO_2$ reduction by $H_2$ was higher than that by CO. The reactivity for the $SO_2$ reduction with $H_2$ was increased with the reaction temperature regardless of Sn-Zr based catalyst with a Sn/Zr molar ratio. $SnO_2-ZrO_2$ (Sn/Zr=1/4) had highest activity at $550^{\circ}C$, in the $SO_2$ reduction with $H_2$ and $SO_2$ conversion of 94.4％ and sulfur yield of 66.4％ were obtained at $550^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, in the $SO_2$ reduction by CO, the reactivity was decreased with the increase over $325^{\circ}C$. At the optimal temperature of $325^{\circ}C$, $SO_2$ conversion and sulfur yield were about 100％ and 99.5％, respectively, in the $SO_2$ reduction over $SnO_2-ZrO_2$ (Sn/Zr=3/1). Also, the $SO_2$ reduction using syngas with $CO/H_2$ ratio over $SnO_2-ZrO_2$ (Sn/Zr=2/1) was performed in order to investigate the application possibility of the simulated coal gas as the reductant in DSRP. As a result, the reactivity of the $SO_2$ reduction using syngas with $CO/H_2$ ratio was increased with increasing the CO content of syngas. Therefore, it could be known that DSRP using the simulated coal gas over Sn-Zr based catalyst is possible to be realized in IGCC system

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 2016

Carotid-artery stenosis may reduce cerebral perfusion, and affect cerebral neuronal activities. We examined the question of whether the recovery of cerebral-perfusion reserve after carotid-artery stenting (CAS) can affect the EEG power-spectrum. Nineteen candidates for CAS were initially recruited. Subtraction imaging of single photon emissary computerized tomography (SPECT) and an electroencephalogram (EEG) were taken twice, before and 1 month after CAS. At each time point, the EEGs were recorded before and after injection of acetazolamide (pre-ACZ EEG and post-ACZ EEG). Finally, 7 patients were enrolled after exclusion of incomplete studies. We obtained the spectral ratio (SR) of each hemisphere. SR was defined as the divided value of the power-spectrum sum of fast activities by that of slow activities. The power-spectrum values between hemispheres were compared using the inter-hemispheric index of spectral ratio (IHISR), and we examined the correlation between the power-spectrum and the cerebral-perfusion reserve. Cerebral-perfusion reserve improved after CAS on the stent side in 6 of 7 patients. In 3 patients with unilateral carotid-artery stenosis, CAS increased SR on the pre-ACZ EEGs, and IHISR on the post-ACZ EEGs. The increases of SR and IHISR were concordant with the increment of cerebral-perfusion reserve. In contrast, the results in the other patients with bilateral stenosis showed complex patterns. The SR of pre-ACZ EEGs and IHISR of post-ACZ EEGs may be useful electrophysiological markers for the blood-flow reserve after CAS in patients with unilateral carotid-artery stenosis, but not in those with bilateral stenosis.