• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2010.10a
• /
• pp.125-126
• /
• 2010

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2008.05a
• /
• pp.105-105
• /
• 2008

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
• /
• v.6
• /
• pp.51-79
• /
• 2024

In the 1970s and 1980s, during the nascent phase of ginseng disease research, efforts concentrated on isolating and identifying pathogens. Subsequently, their physiological ecology and pathogenesis characteristics were scrutinized. This led to the establishment of a comprehensive control approach for safeguarding major aerial part diseases like Alternaria blight, anthracnose, and Phytophthora blight, along with underground part diseases such as Rhizoctonia seedling damping-off, Pythium seedling damping-off, and Sclerotinia white rot. In the 1980s, the sunshade was changed from traditional rice straw to polyethylene (PE) net. From 1987 to 1989, focused research aimed at enhancing disease control methods. Notably, the introduction of a four-layer woven P.E. light-shading net minimized rainwater leakage, curbing Alternaria blight occurrence. Since 1990, identification of the bacterial soft stem rot pathogen facilitated the establishment of a flower stem removal method to mitigate outbreaks. Concurrently, efforts were directed towards identifying root rot pathogens causing continuous crop failure, employing soil fumigation and filling methods for sustainable crop land use. In 2000, adapting to rapid climate changes became imperative, prompting modifications and supplements to control methods. New approaches were devised, including a crop protection agent method for Alternaria stem blight triggered by excessive rainfall during sprouting and a control method for gray mold disease. A comprehensive plan to enhance control methods for Rhizoctonia seedling damping-off and Rhizoctonia damping-off was also devised. Over the past 50 years, the initial emphasis was on understanding the causes and control of ginseng diseases, followed by refining established control methods. Drawing on these findings, future ginseng cultivation and disease control methods should be innovatively developed to proactively address evolving factors such as climate fluctuations, diminishing cultivation areas, escalating labor costs, and heightened consumer safety awareness.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.261-265
• /
• 2007

A climatic feature, growth condition and incidence phase of disease and pest in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) were surveyed, both the conventional cultivation and culture in the forest located in Jinan. The results were as follows. The forest field was lower $1^{\circ}C$ in the air temperature, lower $1.9^{\circ}C$ in the soil temperature and 11.8% lower in the soil temperature compared with the conventional field. The wind velocity of the forest field was three times slower, but the dew condensation time was 3.3 hours longer than the conventional field. Particularly, the amounts of solar radiation in the forest was remarkably lower, while the rainfall was little lower with no significance. The incidence of disease and pest in the forest field was severe compared with that of the conventional field. Among them, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Cylindrocarpon destructans, and Alternaria panax was severe in the forest field while, Botrytis cinerea was severe in the conventional field. The growth condition of forest field in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer was 50% worse in general and the root weight was 87.2% less than the 3-year-old ginseng in the conventional field.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.353-360
• /
• 2017

Background: Endophytic fungi play an important role in balancing the ecosystem and boosting host growth. In the present study, we investigated the endophytic fungal diversity of healthy Panax notoginseng and evaluated its potential antimicrobial activity against five major phytopathogens causing root-rot of P. notoginseng. Methods: A culture-dependent technique, combining morphological and molecular methods, was used to analyze endophytic fungal diversity. A double-layer agar technique was used to challenge the phytopathogens of P. notoginseng. Results: A total of 89 fungi were obtained from the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of P. notoginseng, and 41 isolates representing different morphotypes were selected for taxonomic characterization. The fungal isolates belonged to Ascomycota (96.6%) and Zygomycota (3.4%). All isolates were classified to 23 genera and an unknown taxon belonging to Sordariomycetes. The number of isolates obtained from different tissues ranged from 12 to 42 for leaves and roots, respectively. The selected endophytic fungal isolates were challenged by the root-rot pathogens Alternaria panax, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phoma herbarum, and Mycocentrospora acerina. Twenty-six of the 41 isolates (63.4%) exhibited activity against at least one of the pathogens tested. Conclusion: Our results suggested that P. notoginseng harbors diversified endophytic fungi that would provide a basis for the identification of new bioactive compounds, and for effective biocontrol of notoginseng root rot.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.68-72
• /
• 2006

The hemolmyph and whole body of insect, Bombyx mori, Allomyrina dichotoma and Neotocia brevitarsi, conspicuously inhibited the mycelial growth of several plant pathogenic fungi. The hemolymph of 1087 strain among the 16 strains of B. mori has inhibition activities against the 3 species of fungi, Alternaria panax, Collctotrichum gloeosporioides, and Pyricularia oryzae. The whole body of B. mori was more effective than the hemolymph as a inhibitor on fungi growth. The antifungal activity of B. mori was variable to the fungi species. In addition, A. dichotoma and N. brevitarsi showed antifungal activities against the same fungi as did B. mori. These data showed that the insect has potent antifungal activity. Whereas, the level of activities were differ according to the fungal species. This finding underlines that the possibility of the insect can be use of the agent as a inhibitor against the plant pathogenic fungi.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.104-120
• /
• 1980

The effects of temperature on transpiration, chlorophyll content, frequency and aperture of stomata, and leaf temperature of Panax ginseng were reviewed. Temperature changes of soil and air under spade roof were also reviewed. Growth responses of responses of ginseng plant at various temperature were assessed in relation to suseptibillity of ginseng plants. Reasonable management of ginseng fields was suggested based on the response of ginseng to various temperatures. Stomata frequency may be increased under high temperature during leaf$.$growing stage. Stomata aperture increased by high temperature but the increase of both frequency and aperture appears not enough for transpiration to overcome high temperature encountered during summer in most fields. Serial high temperature disorder, i.e high leaf temperature, chlorophyll loss, inhibition of photosynthesis, increased respiration and wilting might be alleviated by high humidity and abundant water supply to leaf. High air temperature which limits light transmission rate inside the shade roof, induces high soil temperature(optimum soil temperature 16∼18$^{\circ}C$) and both(especially the latter) are the principal factors to increase alternaria blight, anthracnose, early leaf fall, root rot and high missing rate of plant resulting in poor yield. High temperature disorder was lessen by abundant soil water(optimum 17∼21%) and could be decreased by lowering the content of availability of phosphorus and nitrogen in soil consequently resulting in less activity of microorganisms. Repeated plowing of fields during preparation seems to be effective for sterilization of pathogenic microoganisms by high soil temperature only on surface of soils. Low temperature damage appeared at thowing of soils and emergence stage of ginseng but reports were limited. Most limiting factor of yield appeared as physiological disorder and high pathogen activity due to high temperature during summer(about three months).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.229-236
• /
• 1998

The incidence of fungi and their possible contribution to low vigour were examined in a collection of ginseng (Panax quiquefolius) seed from Ontario. When examined after one winter of stratification in the field and storage at 4f for five months in the laboratory, the collection exhibited low vigour (plant stand 16.7% of seeding rate six weeks after seeding) and high incidence (94%) of discolored or soft seed. Fungi isolated (and incidence) from 1,304 endosperm halves recovered from surface-sterilized seed were, in order of abundance, Fusarium rostrum (22.2%), Chaetomium crispuum (14.3%), Funriud oxysporum (9.0%), Fusarium sdani (9.0%), iwmor sp. (8.4%), Alternaria sp. (8.1%), Zowieua lucotricha (7.8%), Cylindruarpn sp. (0.9%), Fusarium avenacmm (0.9%), and Vdudla iliata (0.4%). Most of these fungi, including known and potential pathogens of ginseng (species of Alerraria, Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, and Trichodirma), were associated with both healthy and diseased seed. Application of Benlate (benomyl), Thiram (thiram), or UBI-2584 (tebuconazole) to seed caused slight to pronounced reduction in emergence and did not significantly affect plant stand six weeks after seeding. The study demonstrated the high level of infection by fungi, including known and potential pathogens of the cry, in an arbitrary collection of ginseng seed from commercial sources, and the phytotoxicity of the fungicides tested when applied to moist stratified seed. The lack of efficacy of the fungicides precluded determination of the contribution of seedborne fungi to low vigour of the seed.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.253-259
• /
• 2010

In vitro and in vivo mycofumigation effects of the volatileproducing fungus Nodulisporium sp. CF016 isolated from stem of Cinnamomum loureirii and the role of its volatile compounds were investigated against phytopathogenic fungi. The volatile compounds produced by Nodulisporium sp. CF016 inhibited and killed a wide range of plant and storage pathogens including to Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum coccodes, Magnaporthe oryzae, Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum. Mycofumigation with wheat bran-rice hull cultures of Nodulisporium sp. CF016 showed in vivo antifungal activity against gray mold caused by B. cinerea and blue mold caused by P. expansum of apple. The most abundant volatile compound produced by Nodulisporium sp. CF016 was $\beta$-elemene followed by 1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene, $\beta$-selinene and $\alpha$-selinene. Nodulisporium sp. CF016 could be an attractive mycofumigant in controlling postharvest diseases of various fruits including apple.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.280-285
• /
• 2010

In the course of a searching natural antifungal compounds from plant sources, we found that the methanol extract ($3,000\;{\mu}g/ml$) of Malus domestica fruits had potential of control against rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea) and tomato late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Under bioassay-guided purification, we isolated phloretin, a phenolic compound, with in vivo antifungal activity against M. grisea. By 1-day protective application of phloretin ($500\;{\mu}g/ml$), the compound strongly inhibited the disease development of M. grisea and P. infestans on rice and tomato seedlings, respectively. And red pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum coccodes also was moderately suppressed. However, rice sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani AG1), and barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) were hardly controlled. In addition, the compound showed in vitro antifungal activity against some plant pathogenic fungi including Phytophthora capsici, Alternaria panax, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, R. solani AG4, and M. grisea. This is the first report on the antifungal activity of phloretin against plant pathogenic fungi.