• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2013

Purpose: To describe chronic rectal mucosal damage after pelvic radiotherapy (RT) for cervical cancer and correlate these findings with clinical symptoms and radiation dose. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients who underwent pelvic RT were diagnosed with radiation-induced proctitis based on endoscopy findings. The median follow-up period was 35 months after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and intracavitary radiotherapy (ICR). The Vienna Rectoscopy Score (VRS) was used to describe the endoscopic findings and compared to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) morbidity score and the dosimetric parameters of RT (the ratio of rectal dose calculated at the rectal point [RP] to the prescribed dose, biologically effective dose [BED] at the RP in the ICR and EBRT plans, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$ = 3). Results: Rectal symptoms were noted in 28 patients (rectal bleeding in 21 patients, bowel habit changes in 6, mucosal stools in 1), and 4 patients had no symptoms. Endoscopic findings included telangiectasia in 18 patients, congested mucosa in 20, ulceration in 5, and stricture in 1. The RP ratio, $BED_{ICR}$, $BED_{ICR+EBRT}$ was significantly associated with the VRS (RP ratio, median 76.5%; $BED_{ICR}$, median 37.1 $Gy_3$; $BED_{ICR+EBRT}$, median 102.5 $Gy_3$; p < 0.001). The VRS was significantly associated with the EORTC/RTOG score (p = 0.038). Conclusion: The most prevalent endoscopic findings of RT-induced proctitis were telangiectasia and congested mucosa. The VRS was significantly associated with the EORTC/RTOG score and RP radiation dose.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

PURPOSE. A recently introduced direct drill-guiding implant surgery system features minimal tolerance of surgical instruments in the metal sleeve by using shank-modified drills and a sleeve-incorporated stereolithographic guide template. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of this new guided surgery system in partially edentulous patients using geometric analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS. For the study, 21 implants were placed in 11 consecutive patients using the direct drill-guiding implant surgery system. The stereolithographic surgical guide was fabricated using cone-beam computed tomography, digital scanning, computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing, and additive manufacturing processes. After surgery, the positional and angular deviations between planned and placed implants were measured at the abutment level using implant-planning software. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the deviations (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. The mean horizontal deviations were 0.593 mm (SD 0.238) mesiodistally and 0.691 mm (SD 0.344) buccolingually. The mean vertical deviation was 0.925 mm (SD 0.376) occlusogingivally. The vertical deviation was significantly larger than the horizontal deviation (P=.018). The mean angular deviation was 2.024 degrees (SD 0.942) mesiodistally and 2.390 degrees (SD 1.142) buccolingually. CONCLUSION. The direct drill-guiding implant surgery system demonstrates high accuracy in placing implants. Use of the drill shank as the guiding component is an effective way for reducing tolerance.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.170-176
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• 2014

Effective glass frit compositions enabled to absorb laser energy, and to seal a commercial dye-sensitized solar-cell-panel substrate were developed by using $V_2O_5$-based glasses with various amounts of $TeO_2$ substitution. The latter was intended to increase the lifetime of the solar cells. Substitution of $V_2O_5$ by $TeO_2$ provided a strong network structure for the glasses via the formation of tetrahedral pyramids in the glass, and changed the various glass properties, such as glass transition temperature ($T_g$), dilatometric softening point ($T_d$), crystallization temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and glass flowage without any detrimental effect on the laser absorption property of the glasses. The thermal expansion mismatch (${\Delta}{\alpha}$) between the glass frit and the substrate could be controlled within less than ${\pm}5%$ by addition of 10 wt% of ${\beta}$-eucryptite. An 810 nm diode laser was used for the sealing test. The laser sealing test revealed that the VZBT20 glass frit with 10 wt% ${\beta}$-eucryptite was successfully sealed the substrates without interfacial cracks and pores. The optimum sealing conditions were provided by a beam size of 3 mm, laser power of 40 watt, scan speed of 300 mm/s, and 200 irradiation cycles.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

In this work, the effect of composite couplings on hub loads of a hingeless rotor in forward flight is investigated. The hingeless composite rotor blade is idealized as a laminated thin-walled box-beam. The nonclassical effects such as transverse shear, torsional warping are considered in the structural formulation. The nonlinear differential equations of motion are obtained by applying Hamilton's principle. The blade response and hub loads are calculated using a finite element formulation in space and time. The aerodynamic forces acting on the blade are calculated by quasi-steady strip theory. The theory includes the effects of reversed flow and compressibility. The magnitude of elastic couplings obtained by MSC/NASTRAN is compared with the classical pitch-flap $({\delta}3)$ or $pitch-lag({\alpha}1)$ coupling. It is found that the elastic couplings have a substantial effect on the behavior of $N_b/rev$ hub loads. Nearly 10 to 40% of hub loads is reduced by appropriately tailoring the fiber orientation angles in the laminae of the composite blade.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-68
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• 1987

Several series of fracture tests were conducted to explore the fracture characteristics and to determine the fracture energy of concrete. A stable three-point bend test was employed to generate the load-deflection curves. The fracture energy may then be calculated from the area under the complete load-deflection curve. The initial notch-to-beam depth ratio (${\alpha}_0$/H) was varied from zero to 0.6. The prediction formula for the fracture energy of concrete is also derived and is found to depend on the tensile strength and aggregate size. The proposed fracture energy formula can be used for the fracture analysis of concrete structures. The present study also devises an equivalent crack length concept to predict the maximum failure loads of concrete beams. A simple formula for the equivalent crack length is proposed.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1997

The optical properties of (1210) GaN epitaxy films grown on the (1012) $\alpha-A1_2O_3$ substrates have been studied. The hetero-epitaxy films were grown by the halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) method using $Ga/HC1/NH_3/He$ system at $990^{\circ}C$. XRD, RHEED and SEM are used for the identification of the hetero-epitaxy films structure and surface morphology. The confirmed (1210) GaN epitaxy films were characterized by PL and Raman. By the Raman scattering, the active phonon modes of single-phase GaN films are varied with the arrangement of both polarization and propagation directions of laser beam with reference to the axis in single-phase crystal films. The Y(Z, Y & Z) X geometry allows scattering pat-terns of $A_1(TO)=533\;cm^{-1},\;E_1(TO)=559\;cm^{-1}\;and\;E_2=568 cm^{-1}$ modes, whereas in the Z(Y, Y & Z) X geometry the only $E_2$ mode are observed.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The objective of this study was to compare the fracture toughness ($K_{Ic}$) obtained from the single edge V-notched beam (SEVNB) and the fractographic analysis (FTA) of a glass-infiltrated and a zirconia ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS. For each material, ten bar-shaped specimens were prepared for the SEVNB method ($3mm{\times}4mm{\times}25mm$) and the FTA method ($2mm{\times}4mm{\times}25mm$). The starter V-notch was prepared as the fracture initiating flaw for the SEVNB method. A Vickers indentation load of 49 N was used to create a controlled surface flaw on each FTA specimen. All specimens were loaded to fracture using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5-1 mm/min. The independent-samples t-test was used for the statistical analysis of the $K_{Ic}$ values at ${\alpha}$=0.05. RESULTS. The mean $K_{Ic}$ of zirconia ceramic obtained from SEVNB method ($5.4{\pm}1.6\;MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$) was comparable to that obtained from FTA method ($6.3{\pm}1.6\;MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$). The mean $K_{Ic}$ of glass-infiltrated ceramic obtained from SEVNB method ($4.1{\pm}0.6\;MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$) was significantly lower than that obtained from FTA method ($5.1{\pm}0.7\;MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$). CONCLUSION. The mean $K_{Ic}$ of the glass-infiltrated and zirconia ceramics obtained from the SEVNB method were lower than those obtained from FTA method even they were not significantly different for the zirconia material. The differences in the $K_{Ic}$ values could be a result of the differences in the characteristics of fracture initiating flaws of these two methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.07a
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• pp.192-195
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• 2004

적록청(Red, Green, Blue : RGB)의 세 기본 염료(primary dyes)를 사용하여 백색 유기전계발광소자(White Organic Light Emitting Devices : WOLEDs)을 유기물 분자선 증착(Organic Molecular Beam Deposition)방법에 의해서 제작하였다. 소자의 구조는 $ITO/{\alpha}-NPD(40nm)/DPVBi(6nm)/Alq_3(12nm)/Alq_3:DCJTB(7nm,3%)\;or\;DPVBi:DCJTB(7nm,3%)/Alq_3(35nm)/MgAg(150nm)$으로, red 발광층의 host 물질을 $Alq_3$ 또는 DPVBi의 두 종류를 사용하여 소자를 제작하였다. 이들 소자들은 전류밀도가 증가함에 따라 스펙트럼 곡선의 변화가 거의 보이지 않았으며, 색좌표는 전류밀도 $20mA/cm^2$에서 (0.34,0.34)이고 $100mA/cm^2$에서(0.32,0.33)으로 비교적 안정적이였다. $Alq_3$을 red 발광층의 host로 사용한 소자는 $10mA/cm^2({\sim}6V)$에서 luminance yield가 1.87cd/A 또는 $100cd/m^2({\sim}5.5V)$에서는 발광효율 1.21m/w으로, DPVBi을 red 발광층의 host로 사용한 소자보다 약 20%의 효율향상을 보였다. 그러나 전류밀도 $30mA/cm^2$ 이상에서는 발광효율이 반전되어 나타났다. 이런 현상은 DPVBi을 red 발광층의 host로 사용한 소자가 $Alq_3$을 red 발광층의 host로 사용한 소자보다 발광 소광 현상이 적게 일어난 것에 기인하였다고 생각된다. 두 소자 모두 $40mA/cm^2$ 에서 이상적인 화이트 발란스와 같은(0.33,0.33)의 색좌표를 보였다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.262-270
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• 1987

A numerical method is presented which can solve the unsteady momentum and thermal boundary layers, coupled through the agency of buoyancy force, over a heated circular cylinder impulsively started from rest. By linearizing the nonlinear finite difference equations without sacrificing accuracy, numerical solutions are obtained at each time step without iteration. To get rid of the requirement of excessive number of grid points in the region of reversed flow, special form of transformed variables are used, by which the computational boundary layer thickness is maintained almost constant. These numerical properties enable the method to easily handle the region of reversed flow and how the singularity develops in the interior of the boundary layer. In order to investigated the thermal effects on the skin friction, heat flux, displacement thickness and on the separation, we have successfully solved three different cases of the buoyancy parameter .alpha.(Gr/Re$^{2}$).

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 2011

The 30 nm-thick Ni layers was deposited on a flexible polyimide substrate with an e-beam evaporation. Subsequently, we deposited a Si layer using a catalytic CVD (Cat-CVD) in a hydride amorphous silicon (${\alpha}$-Si:H) process of $T_{s}=180^{\circ}C$ with varying thicknesses of 55, 75, 145, and 220 nm. The sheet resistance, phase, degree of the crystallization, microstructure, composition, and surface roughness were measured by a four-point probe, HRXRD, micro-Raman spectroscopy, FE-SEM, TEM, AES, and SPM. We confirmed that our newly proposed Cat-CVD process simultaneously formed both NiSi and crystallized Si without additional annealing. The NiSi showed low sheet resistance of < $13{\Omega}$□, while carbon (C) diffused from the substrate led the resistance fluctuation with silicon deposition thickness. HRXRD and micro-Raman analysis also supported the existence of NiSi and crystallized (>66%) Si layers. TEM analysis showed uniform NiSi and silicon layers, and the thickness of the NiSi increased as Si deposition time increased. Based on the AES depth profiling, we confirmed that the carbon from the polyimide substrate diffused into the NiSi and Si layers during the Cat-CVD, which caused a pile-up of C at the interface. This carbon diffusion might lessen NiSi formation and increase the resistance of the NiSi.