• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.273-278
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• 2005

Trifolium pratense (red clover, Fabaceae) is a short-lived herbaceous species and the species is introduced from Europe or North America to Korea approximately 60 years ago. Allozyme variability was examined in populations representing this species. A high level of genetic variation was found in T. pratense populations. Ten of 19 loci $(52.6\%)$ showed detectable polymorphism. Genetic diversity was 0.220. The sexual reproduction, high fecundity, and colonization process are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. Genetic diversity (0.220) was lower than that (0.285) of North American red clover, T. pratense. Korean populations of red clover may be founded by a small sample of larger or moderate populations. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm = 4.20) indicated that gene flow was extensive among Korean populations of this species.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2002

The study of genetic diversity was carried out in Atractylodes japonica $K_{OIDZ}$. Although this species has been regarded as medically important one, there is no report on population structure in Korea. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the allozyme variation and genetic structure of eight Korean populations of this species. Of the 15 genetic loci surveyed, nine (60.0%) was polymorphic in at least one population. Genetic diversity was high at the species level $(H_{es}=0.144)$, whereas, that of the population level was relatively low $(H_{ep}=0.128)$. Nearly 87% of the total genetic diversity in A. japonica was apportioned within populations. The sexual reproduction, high fecundity, and perennials are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. The indirect estimated of gene flow based on Gst was 1.69.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.324-333
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• 2019

Neutral genetic diversity found in plant species usually leaves an indelible footprint of historical events. Korea's main mountain range (referred to as the Baekdudaegan [BDDG]), is known to have served as a glacial refugium primarily for the boreal and temperate flora of northeastern Asia. In addition, life-history traits (life forms, geographic range, and breeding systems) influence the within- and among-population genetic diversity of seed plant species. For example, selfing species harbor significantly less within-population genetic variation than that of predominantly outcrossers. A previous study of two Liparis species (L. makinoana and L. kumokiri) emphasizes the role of the abovementioned factors shaping the levels of genetic diversity. Liparis makinoana, mainly occurring on the BDDG and self-incompatible, harbors high levels of within-population genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity, H_eP = 0.319), whereas there is no allozyme variation (H_eP = 0.000) in L. kumokiri, which is self-compatible and mainly occurs in lowland hilly areas. To determine if this trend is also found in other congeners, we sampled five populations of L. krameri from the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and investigated the allozyme-based genetic diversity at 15 putative loci. The somewhat intermediate levels of within-population genetic variation (H_eP = 0.145) found in L. krameri are most likely due to its occurrence in mountainous areas that, despite being outside of the main ridge of the BDDG, still served as refugia, and a self-incompatible breeding system. Management strategies are suggested for L. krameri and L. makinoana based on the levels and distribution of genetic diversity and inbreeding.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1477-1481
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• 2007

The mating systems of natural populations of Vicia tetrasperm in Korea were determined using allozyme analysis. The result suggests that V. tetrasperm is low rates of outcrossing or mix-mating outcrossing (self-fertilization, s < 0.5). At the population levels, the values of inbreeding coefficient of ten populations in Korea varied from 0.131 to 0.176, giving an average 0.154. For ten natural populations, multi-locus estimates of outcrossing (tm) was 0.333 across fifteen polymorphic loci, with individual population values ranging from 0.269 to 0.423. The differences between the tm and ts values were not close to zero (tm - ts > 0.154), indicating that biparental inbreeding was significant in the loci. The reason for relatively low outcrossing rates of some populations could be attributed to extensive consanguineous mating and isolation of flowering mature plants. Although heterozygote excess was observed in one natural population, most populations exhibited varying degrees of inbreeding and heterozygotes deficit. Thus, selection against homozygotes operated in the progeny populations throughout the life cycle.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.509-521
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• 2002

'The Regional complex long-term program of restoration (reintroduction) of Primoryes ginseng population up to 2005' elaborated by Primorye governor administration, Regional Committee of Natural Resources and Russian Academy of Sciences operates in Russian Primorye. The Institute of Biology and Soil Science (IBSS) provides the scientific implementation of this program including the genetic analysis of extant ginseng populations, plant reproduction and offspring identification. According to our investigations, the genetic resource of P. ginseng in Primorye is represented by three populations of wild-growing ginseng and a few private plantations. The results obtained by RAPD allowed concluding that this resource is dispersed among the wild and cultivated ginseng sub-populations in such a way that each of sub-populations studied has to be represented in living plant collection as a stock material to maintain species genetic variability. The allozyme analyses also showed that the small sub-populations of natural ginseng are characterized by unique genetic diversity and, therefore, they all need to be represented in reintroduction centers. Additionally the allozyme analysis discovered that the Blue Mountain and Khasan populations possess the most genetic diversity. So, at least one more reproductive ginseng unit has to be created besides two already existing reintroduction centers representing the Sikhote-Alin and the Blue Mountain populations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1188-1191
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• 2004

Two species of marine catfish, Arius maculatus and Osteogeneiosus militaris, belonging to family Ariidae were analysed electrophoretically for genetic variation in 6 enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), malic enzyme (ME) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Eighteen individuals of each species were studied. Two loci MDH and ADH were polymorphic in both. Average heterozygosity in A. maculatus was 1.46, while it was 2.5 in O. militaris. The allele frequencies were used to estimate Nei's genetic distance (D). The D value was calculated to be 0.6879. Two isozyme loci, ME and SOD, were found to be the most reliable species specific markers. No tissue specific loci were observed for the enzymes studied, the bands being identical in each case. The genetic distance observed between O. militaris and A. maculatus in this study suggests that they would be more appropriately classified as species of the same genus rather than being assigned separate genera.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2002

Crepidiastrum lanceolatum ($H_{OUTT}$) $N_{AKAI}$ (Compositae) is distributed in East Asia including Korea. Genetic diversity and population structure of six C. lanceolatum populations in Korea and two populations in Japan were determined using genetic variation at 19 allozyme loci. The percent of polymorphic loci within the enzymes was 42.1%. Genetic diversity at the species level and at the population level was low (Hes : 0.077; Hep : 0.068, respectively), where-as the extent of the population divergence was relatively low ($G_{ST}$ : 0.093). One of the most striking features of this study was the more significant difference within populations than among populations. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm : 2.44) indicated that gene flow was moderate among eight populations of the species. In addition, analysis of fixation indices revealed a slight heterozygosity deficiency in some populations and at some loci. Narrow geographic ranges, short-lived perennial herbaceous, and small population sizes are mainly associated with the low level of genetic variation.n.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1266-1275
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• 2010

Isozyme and protein electrophoresis data from mycelial extracts of 27 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, 10 isolates of T. aureoviride, and 10 isolates of T. longibrachiatum from Southern Peninsular Malaysia were investigated. The eight enzyme and a single protein pattern systems were analyzed. Three isozyme and total protein patterns were shown to be useful for the detection of three Trichoderma species. The isozyme and protein data were analyzed using the Nei and Li Dice similarity coefficient for pairwise comparison between individual isolates, species isolate group, and for generating a distance matrix. The UPGMA cluster analysis showed a higher degree of relationship between T. harzianum and T. aureoviride than to T. longibrachiatum. These results suggested that the T. harzianum isolates had high levels of genetic variation compared with the other isolates of Trichoderma species.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.451-454
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• 1998

Gulgastrura reticulosa, first described by Yosii (1966) as a monotypic new genus from a Korean limestone cave, was reviewed for its systematic position by c1adistic analysis of morphological characteristics, investigation of its intermaulting period and reproductive cycle as well as allozyme and 18S rDNA analysis. The great extent of divergence was strongly suggested by its combined lack of sensory organs (third antennal organ, postantennal organ, eyes, pseudocelli) with simultaneous development of an 'apical organ'at the tip of the antennae. The obvious divergence from any existing Collembola families was additionally supported by the extremely prolonged intermoulting period as well as by the low strap value it showed with Onychiuridae as obtained by 18S DNA sequence analysis. All these were considered Justifying the creation of a new family, Gulgastruridae, but still revealing more allied to Onychiuvidae rather than to Hypogastruridae.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.535-538
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• 1997

Allozyme variation of seven enzyme systems was analyzed from 202 individuals from four Korean populations of Atractomorpha lata. These populations exhibit higher levels of values of in most other insects with a mean 64% of polymorphic loci and a mean 0.384 of expected heterozygosity within populations. Fixation indices indicated considerable substructuring within populations sampled (mean $F_{is}=0.403)$, indicating probable inbreeding or assortative mating coupled with restricted migration between subpopulations. This was supported by the field observation that the species exists as small, discrete colonies in meadow habitats and females carry males. In addition, significant differences in allere frequencies between males and females at polymorphic loci examined (70%, 16 of 23 cases) could account for the observed heterozygote deficiencies.