• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.644-654
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although preclinical studies suggest that garlic has potential preventive effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, clinical trials and reports from systematic reviews or meta-analyses present inconsistent results. The contradiction might be attributed to variations in the manufacturing process that can markedly influence the composition of garlic products. To investigate this issue further, we performed a meta-analysis of the effects of garlic powder on CVD risk factors. MATERIALS/METHODS: We searched PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct and EMBASE through May 2014. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on 22 trials reporting total cholesterol (TC), 17 trials reporting LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), 18 trials reporting HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), 4 trials reporting fasting blood glucose (FBG), 9 trials reporting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 10 trials reporting diastolic blood pressure (DBP). RESULTS: The overall garlic powder intake significantly reduced blood TC and LDL-C by -0.41 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.69, -0.12) (-15.83 mg/dL [95% CI, -26.64, -4.63]) and -0.21 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.40, -0.03) (-8.11 mg/dL [95% CI, -15.44, -1.16]), respectively. The mean difference in the reduction of FBG levels was -0.96 mmol/L (95% CI, -1.91, -0.01) (-17.30 mg/dL [95% CI, -34.41, -0.18]). Evidence for SBP and DBP reduction in the garlic supplementation group was also demonstrated by decreases of -4.34 mmHg (95% CI, -8.38, -0.29) and -2.36 mmHg (95% CI, -4.56, -0.15), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides consistent evidence that garlic powder intake reduces the CVD risk factors of TC, LDL-C, FBG and BP.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2017

We conducted a total of 28 surveys from March to October 2016 in Gayasan National Park, to identify threatened plants for climate change, as well as for the effective management of biological organisms and resources against climate changes in Korea. Regarding threatened plants for climate change, we identified a total of 39 taxa, with 11 northern, 2 southern, and 26 taxa of concern. Among these taxa, 33 were identified as wild species. The species threatened by climate change located in the subalpine regions of Gayasan National Park were Abies holophylla Maxim., Abies koreana Wilson, Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Betula ermanii Cham., Berberis amurensis Rupr., Rhododendron tschonoskii Maxim., Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz., Trientalis europaea var. arctica (Fisch.) Ledeb., Thymus quinquecostatus Celak., Parasenecio firmus (Kom.) Y.L.Chen, and Lilium cernuum Kom. These species are expected to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming, since they were confirmed to have a very narrow vertical distribution range. Moreover, although the following species are not included in the list of plants threatened by climate change, it is assumed that the endemic species that grow at the summit, and Grade V floristics special plants, such as Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus., Allium thunbergii var. deltoides (S.O.Yu, S.Lee & W.Lee) H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh, Heloniopsis tubiflora Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N. Tamura, Aletris glabra Bureau & Franch, and Gymnadenia cucullata (L.) Rich., will also be extremely vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, we believe that measures for the conservation of these species are urgently needed, and also that the definition of species threatened by climate change should be broadened to include more objective and valid taxa through the long-term monitoring of species distributed around the summit area.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2009

Thiacremonone, the main component isolated from heated garlic (Allium sativum L.), is interested for using as a cancer preventive or therapeutic agent since garlic has been known to be useful plant in the treatment of cancers. Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) is constitutively activated in the prostate cancer and activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ is implicated in drug resistance in cancer cells. Docetaxel, a semisynthetic analog of paclitaxel, is an antineoplastic drug widely used for advanced various cancer. In previous studies, we found that thiacremonone inhibited activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ in cancer cells and marcrophages. In the present study, we investigated whether thiacremonone could increase susceptibility of prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and DU145) to docetaxel via inactivation of NF-${\kappa}B$. We found that the combination treatment of thiacremonone (50 ${\mu}g$/ml) with docetaxel (5 nM) was more effective in the inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth and induction of apoptosis accompanied with the significant inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity than those by the treatment of thiacremonone or docetaxel alone. It was also found that NF-${\kappa}B$ target gene expression of Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 was much more significantly enhanced, but the expression of Bcl-2 was also much more significantly inhibited by the combination treatment. These results indicate that thiacremonone inhibits NF-${\kappa}B$, and enhances the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel. Thus, thiacremonone could be useful as an adjuvant anti-cancer agent.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.399-402
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• 2002

Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) belongs to the class of zinc protease and plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. In this experiment, we investigated the inhibitory activities of medicinal plant extracts on ACE. Fifty medicinal plants were selected and the extracts were prepared by refluxing with 70% methanol. Among the extracts, eleven medicinal plant extracts such as Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, Petasites japonicus(s.et z.) Max, Rubus coreanus, Morus bombycis Koidz, Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Glycyrhiza glabra, Equisetum hyemale, Portulaca oleracea L., Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina Nakai, Sorbus commixta Hedl, Allium thunbergii showed more than 50% inhibitory activities, and Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., lnula helenium, Acanthopanax senticosus Harms, Dendrobium moniliforme, Juglans mandshurica, Zizyphus jujuba, Leonurus artemisia, Aster scaber Thunb, Vitex rotundifolia, Platycodon grandiflorum, Prunus persica, Ligularia fischeri showed $40{\sim}49%$ inhibitory activities. Therefore these extracts which contain high ACE inhibitory activities may be useful as antihypertension agents and to the treatment of hypertension.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.805-812
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• 2010

DNA damage including base modifications, loss of base and breaks in DNA strands can occur by exposure to irradiation, smoking and several components of food. Unrepaired DNA damage is known to lead to cellular dysfunction, cell death, cancer, and other diseases such as arteriosclerosis and diabetes. The protective effect of garlic on oxidative stress induced DNA damage has been reported recently. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of garlic extracts prepared by different processing methods (raw garlic extracts, RGE; grilled garlic extracts, GGE; pickled garlic extracts, PGE) on leukocytic DNA damage using comet assay. Human leukocytes were incubated with ethanol and methanol extract of garlic at various concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50 ${\mu}g$/mL), followed by oxidative stimuli (200 ${\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$ or 200 ${\mu}M$ 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)). The methanol and ethanol extracts of RGE, GGE, and PGE showed inhibitory activities of DNA damage induced by $H_2O_2$ or HNE. Especially methanol extract of RGE ($ED_{50}$; 13.3 ${\mu}g$/mL) had a higher antigenotoxic effect on $H_2O_2$ induced DNA damage than those of GGE (23.5 ${\mu}g$/mL) or PGE (24.5 ${\mu}g$/mL). HNE induced DNA damage tended to be effectively inhibited by the lower concentration of all garlic extracts. Therefore, garlic might have protective effects against oxidative DNA damage regardless of processing methods (raw, grilled, pickled) which are the general consumed forms of garlic in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.618-623
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• 2014

Sarijang, a soy sauce made from fermented black soybean (Rhynchosia nulubilis), sulfur fed duck, dried bark of Ulmus davidiana, Allium sativum, and bamboo salt, has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. However, the antioxidant properties of Sarijang have not yet been elucidated. In this study, the antioxidant effects of Sarijang were investigated by determining total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH RSA), total radical trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC). The inhibitory effects of Sarijang on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage (200 ${\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$, 250 ${\mu}M$ Fe-NTA, and 200 ${\mu}M$ HNE) in human leukocytes were evaluated by comet assay. The TPC of Sarijang was $1.04{\pm}0.01$ mg GAE/mL. DPPH RSA, TRAP, and ORAC values of Sarijang increased in a dose-dependent manner. The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH RSA of Sarijang was $11.2{\pm}0.3$ mg/mL, whereas $IC_{50}$ of TRAP was $209.5{\pm}2.0$ mg/mL. 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells were effectively abrogated by all tested concentrations of Sarijang (1~100 ${\mu}g/mL$). These results suggest that Sarijang has antioxidative activity and protective effects against oxidative DNA damage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.721-730
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• 2002

This study was carried out to select new pelleting binder and material for Welsh onion seeds. The optimum treatments of the various plant growth regulators to improve seed germination of the Welsh onion was also estimated. There were no significant effects of growth regulators on the germination percentage, but germination was faster according to the number of days to 50% of the final germination ($T_{50}$) and the mean number of days to germination (MDG) than those of the control. Germinability was increased when the seeds were soaked in gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) solution for 24hrs, even though there was no synergy effect on the germinability when $GA_3$ was mixed with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The optimum treatment for improving germination of Welsh onion was observed when the tested seeds was soaked in 500 $\mu$M of $GA_3$ at $20^{\circ}C$ for 24hrs. Also, when the seeds soaked in the aforementioned treatment, the rate of germination was increased at lower temperature than at $20^{\circ}C$, the optimal temperature. The percentage and the speed of seed germination depended on the kinds of pelleting binder and their concentration. It showed that the higher the concentration of the binder for seeds pelleting, the lower the percentage of seed germination. Among the pelleting binder, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were the best binders for seed pelleting, because seed germination using those binder did not affect on the concentration of binder. On the other hand, Carboxymethy cellulose (CMC) and methyl cellulose (MC) severely inhibited the seed germination The germinability was also different arcording to the pelleting materials. Among the different 58 pelleting materials, kaoline alone, the mixture of bentonite and kaoline, the mixture of bentonite, calcium carbonate and diatomaceous earth #300 were found as the best pelleting materials for welsh onion seeds.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.6 s.67
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• pp.895-905
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• 2004

Herb found in the farm of Korea were classified into 3 divisions, 5 classes, 31 orders, 51 families, 134 genera and 226 kinds. In the taxon of family, labiatae, compositae and umbelliferae have larser number of herbs than another families. In the taxon of genus, Rosa (34 kinds), Mentha (8), Thymus (7), Pelargonium (6), Salvia (6), Lavandula (5), Citrus (4), Ocimum (4), Allium (4) in order contain many species. In the geographical floristic regions, Holarctic were 149 kinds, and next came Paleotropical of 26 kinds, Neotropical of 18 kinds, Capetown of 8 kinds, and Australian of 6 kinds in order. Plants growing naturally over 3 geographical region were 4 kinds including Passiflora caerulea. And 166 kinds were growing in the only 1 geographical region. Among the all farms, (1) farm (in Cheongwon) were highest number of 137 kinds. On the other hand, (3) farm (in Cheongsong) were lowest number of 59 kinds. Herb cultivating in all farms were 37 kinds including Pelargonium crispum. Among these, plants of 24 kinds belong to the labiatae family. Also, herb cultivating in the only 1 farm were 50 kinds including Humulus lupulus. About the numbers of usage of herb, the first in numbers was for food $(54.4\%,\;122\;kinds)$ including Ginkgo biloba, the second for medicinal purpose $(39.8\%,\;90\;kinds)$ including Equisetum arvense, the third for cosmetic $(15.9\%,\;36\;kinds)$, th fourth for flavor $(14.2\%,\;32\;kinds)$, the next for perfume $(12.4\%,\;28\;kinds)$, the next for dye $(10.8\%,\;23\;kinds)$, the next for insecticide $(6.6\%,\;15\;kinds)$, the next for ornament $(1.8\%,\;4\;kinds)$, the last for antiseptic $(0.9\%,\;2\;kinds)$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different nutrient solution temperatures on the growth and quality of welsh onion in winter season. The fresh weight increased with the increase of temperature within the range of 13-23$^{\circ}C$. The top length was longer 18 and 23$^{\circ}C$ than at 13$^{\circ}C$, the dry weight was the highest at 18$^{\circ}C$. The potassium content in plant was the highest at 18$^{\circ}C$, calcium and magnesium contents were higher at 13 and 18$^{\circ}C$ than at 23$^{\circ}C$. The vitamin C content decreased with the increase of nutrient solution temperature, but there was no statistical significance within treatments. The pyruvic acid was higher at 13 and 18$^{\circ}C$ than at 23$^{\circ}C$, while nitrate content was lower at 13 and 18$^{\circ}C$ than 23$^{\circ}C$. Therefore, for growth and quality of welsh onion, it was concluded that 18$^{\circ}C$ may be suitable nutrient solution temperature in winter season.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2013

This study was conducted to develop the most effective method in promoting onion set in cultivars 'Josaengsseondebol' and 'Daeji' for all year-round production. This was done by extending the day length for 41 days. For both cultivars, the period to reach the maximum number of leaves developed was shortened as the exposure to day length increased. Between the two cultivars, 'Josaengsseondebol' reaches its maximum leaf formation for a shorter duration compared with 'Daeji'. In effect to bulb size, cultivar 'Josaengsseondebol' having a night break of 1, 2, and 16 hours light condition had better bulb enlargement compared with the non-treated bulbs. In the case of cultivar 'Daeji', only bulbs exposed to a night break of 2 and 16 hours light condition had better bulb enlargement. The percentage of marketable set yield in cultivar 'Josaengsseondebol' having a night break of 1 hr, 2 hrs, 16 hrs light condition, and control or untreated bulbs were 84%, 92%, 90%, and 6% respectively. In the case of cultivar 'Daeji', treated with a night break of 1 hr, 2 hrs, 16 hrs light condition, and untreated bulbs had a percentage marketable set yield of 7%, 55%, 64%, and 0% respectively. Based on these results, it is therefore concluded that night break treatment is considered to be effective method in promoting off-season onion set cultivation in cultivar 'Josaengsseondebol'.