• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제35권8호
• /
• pp.607-612
• /
• 2013

토양 생태위해성평가는 식물류, 지렁이류, 선충류, 곤충류 등 일부 영양 단계에 국한된 토양독성자료를 활용하고 있다. 토양독성자료의 생물종 확대를 위해 토양 환경에서의 주요 생산자인 조류가 우선적으로 고려되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 토양 관련 조류독성 연구동향을 분석하기 위해 국제 학술 논문을 대상으로 토양 관련 시험종, 노출매체 등에 초점을 맞춰 연구 사례를 수집하였으며, 시험매체, 시험종, 시험물질, 시험방법 등의 특성 중심으로 분석하였다. 현재까지 토양 관련 조류독성 연구에 사용된 생물종은 8종(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus bijugatus, Chlorococcum infusionum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Nostoc linckia, Synechococcus elongatus, and Chlorococcum sp.)으로 제한적이고, 독성 종말점은 세포계수나 광합성 색소 측정에 국한되어 있다. 또한 노출매체는 액체배지, 토양추출액(soil extract), 토양공극수(porewater), 한천배지, 토양 등 총 5종으로, 액체배지와 토양추출액이 대부분을 차지하며, 토양에서 분리된 조류를 이용하거나 토양 추출액을 이용하는 연구가 대부분이라 토양 매체에서의 직접적인 연구는 미비하다. 따라서 토양 오염으로 인한 생태계 건강성 저하를 방지하기 위하여 필요한 생태위해성평가는 토양 매체에서의 전반적인 종 민감도 분포 파악이 선행되어야 하므로, 토양 관련 조류 시험종 및 종말점 개발이 필요하다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 2023

Algal organic matters (AOMs) are challenging to remove using traditional water treatment methods. Additionally, they are recognized as disinfection by product (DBP) precursors during the chlorination process. These compounds have the potential to seriously harm aquatic creatures. Despite the fact that AOMs and DBPs formed from algae can harm aquatic species by impairing their cognitive function and causing behavioral problems, only a few studies on the effects of AOMs and associated DBPs have been conducted. To assess the impact of extracellular organic materials (EOMs) produced by three different hazardous algal species and the chlorinated EOMs on zebrafish, this study used fish acute embryo toxicity (FET) and cognitive function tests. With rising EOM concentrations, the embryo's survival rate and mental capacity both declined. Of the three algal species, the embryo exposed to Microcystis aeruginosa EOM exhibited the lowest survival rate. On the other hand, the embryo exposed to EOMs following chlorination demonstrated a drop in CT values in both the survival rate and cognitive ability. These findings imply that EOMs and EOMs treated with chlorine may have detrimental effects on aquatic life. Therefore, an effective EOM management is needed in aquatic environment.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2023

Harmful algae blooms have become a serious environmental problem in major river basins in Korea. They are known to produce various algal organic matters (AOMs) including intracellular organic matters (IOMs) and extracellular organic matters (EOMs). Generally AOMs cannot be easily removed by coagulation/flocculation process in conventional drinking water plants. AOMs produced by blue-green algae also include various toxins such as Microcystins, Anatoxin-a, and Saxitoxin known to have harmful effects on living organisms in aquatic environment. In this study, toxic effects of EOMs produced by three different algae species (Microcystis sp., Anabaena sp., and Oscillatoria sp.) on zebrafish were investigated using electroencephalography (EEG) recording method, a technology for recording brain activity. Electroencephalographic changes in zebrafish revealed that a low EOM had a negative effect on zebrafish compared to both Anabaena sp. and Oscillatoria sp. at 30 ppm EOM exposures. This result might be due to Microcystins present in EOMs produced by Microcystis sp. As a result of power spectrum density anallysis, exposure to EOMs produced by Microcystis sp. caused a state of vigilance in zebrafish. This EEG based toxicity test can be used to examine effects of harmful materials at low levels on living organisms in an aquatic system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.651-659
• /
• 2003

A new method was proposed to control Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) by a biosurfactant sophorolipid. The effect of sophorolipid on the growth, motility, precipitation, and recovery of algal cells was investigated for four common HAB species, Scripsiella trochoidea, Prorocentrum minimum, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, and Heterosigma akashiwo. The motility and growth of algal cells were inhibited significantly at the concentration of 20 and 5 mg/l sophorolipid, respectively, and no recovery was observed under the above concentrations. The concentration of 20 mg/l sophorolipid was considered to be an effective concentration for the mitigation of HABs. A sedimentation test suggested that the maximum precipitation occurred at the end of 1 h, and the algicidal effect of sophorolipid was observed by a microscope. Comparative study showed that sophorolipid had marked algicidal capability. Analysis on biodegradability, toxicity, and cost effectiveness further demonstrated the potential of sophorolipid in future HABs mitigation.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.311-319
• /
• 2014

The biocide sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is widely used for controlling algal growth, and this application can be extended to marine environments as well. This study evaluates the biocidal efficiency and cellular toxicity of NaOCl on the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, with emphasis on pigment production and antioxidant enzyme activity. The test organism showed dose-dependent decrease in growth rate on exposure to NaOCl, and the 72 h $EC_{50}$ was measured to be $0.584mg\;L^{-1}$. NaOCl significantly decreased pigment levels and chlorophyll autofluorescence intensity, indicating possible detrimental effects on the photosystem of C. polykrikoides. Moreover, it significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting the production of reactive oxygen species in the cells. These data indicate that NaOCl exerted deleterious effects on the photosynthetic machinery and induced oxidative damage in the dinoflagellate and this biocide could be effectively used for the control of algal blooms.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.129-135
• /
• 2001

부영양화된 연못에서 규산질다공체(CelICaSi)와 미생물응집제를 이용한 녹조제어의 효과를 조사하였다. 녹조 발생 남조류인 Microcystis aeruginosa에 대한 응집능이 우수한 S-2 균주가 생산한 미생물응집제를 선정하여 현장의 조류응집에 적용하였다. 초기의 인산염농도는 대조구에서 $131\mu{g}\ell^{-1}$를 기록하였음에 비해서, CelICaSi가 첨가된 3개의 처리구에서는 $1-14\mu{g}\ell^{-1}$를 기록하며 크게 감소하였다. 엽록소$-\alpha$ 농도는 현장에 설치한 en-closure에서 초기에 $215\mu{g}\ell^{-1}$ 이었으나 CellCaSi $(1g\ell^{-1}$, 미생물응집제 $(2ml\ell^{-1})$, 보조응집제 $(1g\ell^{-1})$, 염화제이철 $(2mg\;Fe\ell^{-1})$을 함께 처리한 처리구에서 $59\mu{g}\ell^{-1}$로 가장 많이 감소하였다. 실험용 쥐 및 금붕어를 이용한 독성실험에서 녹조제거에 이용되는 성분들과 미생물응집제에 대한 독성은 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서, CellCaSi와 미생물응집제는 인 제거 및 엽록소-$\alpha$ 농도 감소에 의한 녹조제거에 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.131-137
• /
• 2017

Although green algae of the genus Closterium are considered ideal models for testing toxicity in aquatic ecosystems, little data about the effects of toxicity on these algal species is currently available. Here, Closterium ehrenbergii was used to assess the acute toxicity of copper (Cu). The median effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of copper sulfate based on a dose response curve was $0.202mg\;L^{-1}$, and reductions in photosynthetic efficiency ($F_v/F_m$ ratio) of cells were observed in cultures exposed to Cu for 6 h, with efficiency significantly reduced after 48 h (p < 0.01). In addition, production of reactive oxygen species significantly increased over time (p < 0.01), leading to damage to intracellular organelles. Our results indicate that Cu induces oxidative stress in cellular metabolic processes and causes severe physiological damage within C. ehrenbergii cells, and even cell death; moreover, they clearly suggest that C. ehrenbergii represents a potentially powerful test model for use in aquatic toxicity assessments.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
• /
• 제11권8호
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 2010

본 연구에서는 디젤오염토양에서 활성화된 토착미생물을 이용한 DBM을 포한한 디젤첨가제와 유사한 물리화학적 특성을 갖는 가솔린첨가제를 대상으로 호기성 조건에서의 생분해성 평가를 수행하였다. Toluene, Ethanol 등이 가장 높은 활성도를 보였고, 일차분해상수는 $0.11{\sim}0.3day^{-1}$의 범위를 보여주었다. 반면에, 가솔린첨가제인 MTBE는 낮은 분해 특성을 보여주어 토양미생물에 제한적인 분해기질로 나타났다. 이와 더불어, DBM과 TGME를 대상으로 초기농도의 증가에 따른 분해 특성을 조사한 결과 초기농도 증가에 따라 분해속도는 감소하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 DBM과 TGME의 생분해도를 평가하기 위한 방안으로 디젤첨가제의 저감과 동시에 $CO_2$ 생성 모니터링과 조류에 의한 독성 변화를 조사한 결과, 디젤첨가제의 농도 감소와 더불어 $CO_2$ 생성량의 증가는 DBM과 TGME의 무기화를 간접적으로 보여주고 있으나, DBM과 TGME이 완전히 분해되었음에도 불구하고 조류에 의한 잔류 독성이 남아있는 결과는 완전 무기화가 일어나지 않고 중간 부산물이 생성된 것으로 추정된다. 그럼에도 불구하고, DBM과 TGME를 포한한 디젤첨가제에 대한 생물학적 분해 연구는 국내에서 처음 보여주는 결과로 국내 유류오염지역의 생물학적 자연저감의 원리를 적용한 현장적용 타당성을 좀 더 높여주는 결과라고 판단된다.

• 한국습지학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.23-41
• /
• 2002

In this paper, changes of the coliform bacteria were investigated when aquatic plant pond was used for separating algal particles from waste stabilization ponds(WSPs). Three different types of integrated natural systems were operated. It was found that there were no significant interferences for the disinfection efficiency of two integrated systems (WSPs coupled with water hyacinth ponds) used for treating domestic sewage and upgrading the secondary effluent as well. However, when constructed wetland (CW) was combined with the shallow algal ponds and used for the secondary effluent, it seriously interfered with the disinfection efficiency due to the regrowth and/or after-growth of the coliform bacteria, which can readily metabolize the amino acids and sugars leached from plants. In order to find out the primary disinfection parameters, several sets of the batch test were run. It was found that sunlight is the most predominant factor for the coliform decay. During the night, algal toxicity partly supports the decay but during the day, deteriorates it by attenuating the sunlight. The pH in the range of 4 to 10 did not affect the decay in the dark.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.298-310
• /
• 2021

Prediction of the behavior of heavy metals over time is important to evaluate the heavy metal toxicity in algae species. Various modeling studies have been well established, but there is a need for an improved model for predicting the chronic effects of metals on algae species to combine the metal kinetics and biological response of algal cells. In this study, a kinetic dynamics model was developed to predict the copper behavior(5 ㎍ L^-1, 10 ㎍ L^-1, and 15 ㎍ L^-1) for two freshwater algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris) in the chronic exposure experiments (8 d and 21 d). In the experimental observations, the rapid change in copper mass between the solutions, extracellular and intracellular sites occurred within initial exposure periods, and then it was slower although the algal density changed with time. Our model showed a good agreement with the measured copper mass in each part for all tested conditions with an elapsed time (R² for P. subcapitata: 0.928, R² for C. vulgaris: 0.943). This study provides a novel kinetic dynamics model that is compromised between practical simplicity and realistic complexity, and it can be used to investigate the chronic effects of heavy metals on the algal population.