• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2010

Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros didymus, Alexandrium tamarense 그리고 Heterosigma akashiwo의 인 제한에 따른 용존태 유기인(dissolved organic phosphorus; DOP)의 이용성과 alkaline phosphatase(APase)의 활성을 살펴보기 위해 실내실험을 실시하였다. S. costatum, C. didymus, A. tamarense 그리고 H. akashiwo는 인 공급원으로써 용존태 무기인 (dissolved inorganic phosphorus; DIP) 이외에 phosphomonoester와 nucleotide 화합물을 이용하여 성장을 유지할 수 있었다. S. costatum, C. didymus, A. tamarense 그리고 H. a/wshiwo의 APase 활성은 배양액내의 DIP가 각각 $0.30\;{\mu}M$, $0.33\;{\mu}M$, $2.04\;{\mu}M$과 $0.63\;{\mu}M$에서 최초로 활성을 보였으며, 최대활성은 각각 $0.01\;pmol\;cell^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$, $0.11\;pmol\;cell^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$, $1.63\;pmol\;cell^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$와 $0.19\;pmol\;cell^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$였다. APase 활성은 종에 따라 다르게 나타났지만, 최대 활성은 DIP의 흡수속도보다도 높아 인이 제한된 환경에서 효과적으로 DOP를 가수분해하여 성장을 유지 할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 따라서 DOP의 이용능력은 적조 플링크튼의 성장뿐만 아니라 종간경쟁에도 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2005

We analyzed the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense collected from Dadaepo and Gaduck-do in Busan and from Sujeong-ri in Jinhae Bay, Korea, in April 2003. We also analyzed the PSP toxin of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) collected around Busan and Jinhae Bay. PSP toxin analyses were conducted by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fifteen cultured A. tamarense isolates contained 2.78 to 57.47 fmol/cell, with nearly identical toxin profiles: major components C2, GTX4; minor components C1, GTX1, NEO; and trace components GTX2, GTX3, STX. PSP toxin contents were 0 to $492\;\mu{g}$ STXeq/100 g in mussels and 0 to $48\;\mu{g}$ STXeq/100 g in oysters. Mussels at Gijang and Sujeong-ri contained the most PSP toxin contents ($492\;\mu{g}\;STXeq/100\;g\;and\;252\;\mu{g}\;STXeq/100\;g,\;respectively$), exceeding the quarantine level ($80\;\mu{g}$ STXeq/100 g). Their dominant toxin components were C2, C1, GTX2, and GTX3; the minor components GTX1, GTX4, GTX5, and NEO were sporadically detected. Phytoplankton contained 0.774 fmol/L seawater and 1.228 fmol/L seawater at Gijang and Sujeong-ri in April. At that time, Alexandrium cells were present in the water column at Gijang at 2,577 cells/mL and at Sujeong-ri at 6,750 cells/mL. Overall, we found the high and similar PSP toxin contents in AZexandrium isolates and mussels, and a correlation between occurrence of toxic Alexandrium cells in the water column and mussel intoxification. High densities of toxic Alexandrium cells in the water column immediately preceded shellfish intoxification at Gijang and Sujeong-ri in April.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.144-150
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• 1992

1989년 및 1990년도 진해만산 진주담치(Mytilus edulis)와 1989년도산 유독와편모조(Alexandrium tamareme) 배양 조체의 마비성패독 성분의 조성과 독성을 mouse assay법과 post column을 이용한 형광고속액체 chromatography법으로 조사하였다. mouse assay법으로 조사한 진주담치의 독성은 1989년산(3-4월)이 중장선 1g당 31-88 MU, 1990년도산이가식부 1g당 1.9-9.9 MU이었다. 독조성은 1989년도산의 경우, gonyautoxin1-4$(48-76\%), C1-C2\;(14-39\%),$ saxitoxin$(1-10\%)$, neosaxitoxin$(l-7\%)$ 그리고 미량의 decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 2,3가 포함되어 있었으며, 1990년도의 경우는 neosaxitoxin의 함량이 $44-50\%$의 비율을 나타내어 년도에 따라 큰 독조성의 차이를 나타내었다. 한편,A. tamarense의 배양조체의 독조성은 1989년도산 진주담치 와 유사하였으나, Cl, C2, decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 2,3의 비율이 다소 높았다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2003

Mastoparan B (MPB)는 벌독으로부터 정제된 양친매성 $\alpha$-helical 구조를 취하면서 14개의 아미노산 잔기로 구성된 염기성 항균성 펩타이드로서 여러가지 생물막과 작용한다. 본 연구에서는 우리 나라 연안의 적조 (HABs, harmful algal blooms)를 일으키는 4종의 적조생물 (Alexandrium tamarense, Chattonella marina, Cochlodinium polykrikoides 및 Gymnodinium catenatum)에 대한 MPB의 살조효과를 조사하였다. MPB의 4종의 적조생물에 대한 살조효과는 31.3 $\mu{g}$/mL부터 500 $\mu{g}$/mL에서 세포의 lysis 또는 ecdysis와 같은 형태로 현미경으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 MPB는 C. marina 및 C. polykrikorides에 대해서 A. tamarense와 G. catenatum보다 더욱 강한 살조효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 MPB의 HABs에 대한 살조효과연구는 새로운 살조물질을 개발하기 위한 자료가 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2004

꿀벌 (Apis mellifera)의 lymph 액으로부터 정제된 항균성 펩타이드인, Apidaecin Ⅰb는 18개의 아미노산 잔기로 구성된 염기성 non-helical 펩타이드이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 연안의 적조 (HABs, harmful algal blooms)를 일으키는 4종의 적조생물 (Alexandrium tamarense, Chattonella marina, Cochlodinium polykrikoides 및 Gymnodinium catenatum)에 대한 Apidaecin Ⅰb의 살조효과를 조사하였다. Apidaecin Ⅰb의 4종의 적조생물에 대한 살조효과는 12.5$\mu{g}/mL$부터 50$\mu{g}/mL$에서 세포의 lysis 또는 ecdysis와 같은 형태로 현미경으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 Apidaecin Ⅰb는 C. marina에 대해서 A. tamarense, C. polykrikorides 및 G. catenatum보다 더욱 강한 살조효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 HABs에 대한 Apidaecin Ⅰb의 살조효과 연구는 새로운 살조물질을 개발하기 위한 자료가 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2003년도 추계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.35-35
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• 2003

We, for the first time, reported molecular sequences of large subunit ribosomal DNA Dl-D3 region of A. hiranoi, A. leei and A. satoanum hitherto unreported. In addition, this study presented the full-length sequences of A. affine, A. fraterculus, A. catenella and A. tamarense occurring in Korean coastal waters. In total, 17 Alexandrium morphospecies were subjected to the phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum-likelihood (ML) method. The alignment result of sequences of A. hiranoi and A. pseudogonyaulax showed that there were only two substitutions without length heterogeneity implying their genetic affiliation. In ML tree, A. leei formed a deeply diverging branch probably because of the accelerated evolutionary rate, and its phylogenetic position was so ambiguous to resolve the phylogenetic relationship to the residual taxa. An A. satoanum culture showing morphological variation in the sulcal plate formed an independent divergent branch with consistent sister relationship to A. hiranoi/A. pseudogonyaulax clade supported by the high posterior probability (PP) value. Blast search in GenBank showed the sequence data of A. affine, A. fraterculus, A. catenella and A. tamarense corresponded to their morphological species designation. In ML tree, Alexandrium species were commonly split into four main clades. The inter-clade relationships were not clear and usually supported by the week PP values. In general, the sulcal plate of Alexandrium species seemed to reflect the true phylogeny at the main clade level, and the connection between the 1 and the apical pore complex seemed to reflect the phylogeny at the subclade level.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2005

We investigated the seasonal variability of tree alkaline phosphatase activity in seawater and alkaline phosphatase hydrolysable phosphorus (APHP) at 3 stations in Hiroshima Bay using alkaline phosphatase extracted from the dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum. The dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) was lower than $1\;{\mu}M$ all samples; the lowest values were in May. The amount of APHP was high at the surface and bottom waters of all stations in May, showing DIP-depleted conditions. In August and November, the amount of APHP was much less than the amount of APHP in May, indicating that the availability of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) for these species was low and/or uptake during the dinoflagellate blooming might have occurred in the area. The results obtained from short-term variations of AP activity might suggest that the growth of dinoflagellates in this season may be partly supported by the AP produced by other diatoms.

• 환경생물
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.268-277
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• 2019

Severe damages will result in human society, when several different critical natural phenomena coincide. One example relates to the resting cysts of Alexandrium species (dinoflagellates that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning), which are preserved in surface sediments throughout Osaka Bay, Japan. These cysts have been found to accumulate particularly densely in shallow areas in the inner parts of Osaka Bay, where a tsunami caused by an earthquake could occur any time. Damage by a tsunami could cause a change of the coastal ecosystems at Osaka Bay including the resuspension of surface sediments containing resting Alexandrium tamarense cysts and the subsequent redistribution of the cysts in newly deposited sediment. Under certain environmental conditions, these cysts could germinate and form dense blooms, leading to paralytic shellfish poisoning. Such a scenario could also affect other coastal areas, including the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.172-175
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• 1999

Relative DNA contents in some harmful algae were measured using DAPI staining and image analysis system. This method was useful to identify some morphologically similar species and isolates from harmful algal blooms (HABs). In exponential phase, Prorocentrum micans had higher relative DNA content (RD) of $1.83\pm0.52$ than any other isolates, followed by Cochlodinium polykrikoides $(1.10\pm0.46)$ Alexandrium tamarense $(0.93\pm0.32)$ Gyrodinium impudicum $(0.56\pm0.17)$, Scrippsiella trochoidea $(0.41\pm0.26)$ and P. minimum$(0.05\pm0.01)$. When they were fixed with Lugol's solution, it was difficult to d,iscern C. polykrikoides from G. impudicum under the light microscope, but the DNA contents were quite different in two species. C. polykrikoides contained about twice as much RD as G. impudicum under the same culture conditions and exponential phase. DAPI­stained DNA feature in C. polykrikodes showed concentrated in the peripheral part of the cell, but in G. impudicum showed a compact structure in the central part. Although A. tamarense and S. trochoidea were morphologically similar under the light microscope, nuclear DNA content of A. tamarense was twice as much as that of S. trochoidea.

• 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국어업기술학회 2000년도 춘계수산관련학회 공동학술대회발표요지집
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• pp.381-381
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• 2000

Lectin binding assay was conducted on 3 A. tamarense isolates (AT-A, AT-2 and AT-6). Fatty acid composition of all 3 isolates was analyzed, and total carotenoid content and $\beta$-carotene were also determined. AT-A and AT-2 treated with different lectins in this study showed the positive response, whereas potentially toxic AT-6 did not bind DBA lectin, regardless of different growth phase, but conjugated ConA, PNA, RCA, SBA, UEA and WGA. It is possible that DBA is a desirable method for rapid and easy discrimination of highly toxic A. tamarense. AT-A, AT-2 and AT-6 comprised saturated fatty acids (49.0-61.9%), monounsaturated fatty acids (8.0-20.5%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (23.2-30.5%). In particular, 22:6 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid in AT-6 had a high abundance, compared with AT-A and AT-2. However, carotenoid content and $\beta$-carotene were not contributed to discriminate each isolate. Due to variability in biochemical composition at different isolates, possibly DBA and 22:6 (n-3) polyunsaturate fatty acid provide a good information for discrimination of AT-6.