• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1234-1268
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• 2004

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2002 and 2003 has been carried out. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment/design. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation in diverse facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat transfer, humidity was also interesting to promote comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing research topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for analysis and design of various facilities and their systems. (2) Heat transfer characteristics of enhanced finned tube heat exchangers and heat sinks were extensively investigated. Experimental studies on the boiling heat transfer, vortex generators, fluidized bed heat exchangers, and frosting and defrosting characteristics were also conducted. In addition, the numerical simulations on various heat exchangers were performed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics and performance of the heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies shows that the performance analysis of heat pump have been made by various simulations and experiments. Progresses have been made specifically on the multi-type heat pump systems and other heat pump systems in which exhaust energy is utilized. The performance characteristics of heat pipe have been studied numerically and experimentally, which proves the validity of the developed simulation programs. The effect of various factors on the heat pipe performance has also been examined. Studies of the ice storage system have been focused on the operational characteristics of the system and on the basics of thermal storage materials. Researches into the phase change have been carried out steadily. Several papers deal with the cycle analysis of a few thermodynamic systems which are very useful in the field of air-conditioning and refrigeration. (4) Recent studies on refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement when new alternative refrigerants are applied. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants including natural refrigerants. Efficiency of various compressors and performance of new expansion devices are also dealt with for better design of refrigeration/air conditioning system. In addition to the studies related with thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out. It should be noted that the researches on two-phase flow are constantly carried out. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption refrigeration system indicates that heat and mass transfer enhancement is the key factor in improving the system performance. Various experiments have been carried out and diverse simulation models have been presented. Study on the small scale absorption refrigeration system draws a new attention. Cooling tower was also the research object in the respect of enhancement its efficiency, and performance analysis and optimization was carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on several innovative systems such as personal environmental modules, air-barrier type perimeterless system with UFAC, radiant floor cooling system, etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental conditions and minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) stand at the frontier of nanotechnology and are destined to stimulate the next industrial revolution. Rapid increase in their production and use in the technology industry have led to concerns over the effects of CNT on human health and the environment. The prominent use of CNTs in biomedical applications also increases the possibility of human exposure, while properties such as their high aspect ratio (fiber-like shape) and large surface area raise safety concerns for human health if exposure does occur. It is crucial to develop viable alternatives to in vivo tests in order to evaluate the toxicity of engineered CNTs and develop validated experimental models capable of identifying CNTs' toxic effects and predicting their level of toxicity in the human respiratory system. Human lung epithelial cells serve as a barrier at the interface between the surrounding air and lung tissues in response to exogenous particles such as air-pollutants, including CNTs. Monolayer culture of the key individual cell types has provided abundant fundamental information on the response of these cells to external perturbations. However, such systems are limited by the absence of cell-cell interactions and their dynamic nature, which are both present in vivo. In this review, we suggested two viable alternatives to in vivo tests to evaluate the health risk of human exposure to CNTs.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.401-408
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• 2012

High-voltage dielectric discharges are an emerging technique in environmental pollutant degradation, which that are characterized by the production of hydroxyl radicals as the primary degradation species. The initiation and propagation of the electrical discharges depends on several physical, chemical, and electrical parameters such as 1st and 2nd voltage of power, gas supply, conductivity and pH. These parameters also influence the physical and chemical characteristics of the discharges, including the production of reactive species such as OH, $H_2O_2$ and $O_3$. The experimental results showed that the optimum 1st voltage and air flow rate for RNO (N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline, indicator of the generation of OH radical) degradation were 160 V (2nd voltage of is 15 kV) and 4 L/min, respectively. As the increased of the 2nd voltage (4 kV to 15 kV), RNO degradation, $H_2O_2$ and $O_3$ generation were increased. The conductivity of the solution was not influencing the RNO degradation and $H_2O_2$ and $O_3$ generation. The effects pH was not high on RNO degradation. However, the lower pH and the conductivity, the higher $H_2O_2$ and $O_3$ generation were observed.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2012

유전체 장벽 방전(Dielectric Barrier Discharge; DBD) 플라즈마의 처리 성능을 개선시키기 위하여, 플라즈마+ UV 공정과 기-액 혼합기의 적용에 대해 연구하였다. 처리 대상물질로는 표백효과에 의해 육안으로 쉽게 확인이 가능하고 분석이 간편한 OH 라디칼 생성의 간접 지표인 N, N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (RNO)이었다. 기본 플라즈마 반응기는 플라즈마 반응기 [석영관 유전체, 티타늄 방전(내부) 전극, 및 접지(외부) 전극], 공기와 전원 공급장치로 구성되어 있다. 플라즈마 반응기의 개선은 기본 플라즈마 반응기에 UV 공정과의 결합, 기-액 혼합기의 적용에 의해 이루어 졌다. 플라즈마+ UV 공정의 UV 전력 변화(0~10 W), 기-액 혼합기의 존재 유무와 형태, 공기 유량(1~6 L/min), 산기관 기공 크기 범위(16~$160{\mu}m$), 액체 순환 유량(2.8~9.4 L/min) 및 개선된 플라즈마+ UV 공정에서 UV 전력의 영향 등이 평가되었다. 실험 결과 플라즈마+ UV 공정은 기본 플라즈마 반응기보다 RNO 처리율이 7.36% 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 기-액 혼합기의 적용이 플라즈마+ UV 공정보다 RNO 처리율이 더 높은 것으로 나타났고, 기-액 혼합법에 따른 RNO 분해는 기-액 혼합기 > 펌프 순환 > 기본 반응기의 순으로 나타났다. 산기관 형 기-액 혼합기에 의한 RNO 처리율 증가는 17.42%로 나타났다. 최적 공기 유량, 산기관 기포 크기 범위 및 순환 유량은 각각 4 L/min, 40~$100{\mu}m$와 6.9 L/min으로 나타났다. 기-액 혼합기 플라즈마+ UV공정의 경합으로 인한 시너지 효과는 미미한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2018

This article delves into the current status of various packaging technologies, which are currently being applied or are under development for the shelf-life extension and quality improvement of fresh and processed meat products. Traditional packaging methods include vacuum packaging, modified atmosphere packaging, and air-permeable packaging. Recently, innovative packaging methods have been introduced that utilize technologies such as barrier-films, active packaging, nanotechnology, microperforated films, far-infrared radiations, and plasma treatment. All of these packaging methods have their own merits and drawbacks in terms of shelf-life and quality maintenance. A right choice of packaging system for fresh and processed meat products must be made in accordance with the conditions of the raw material, storage, and distribution in the market and household, and while considering the environmental sustainability and consumer's expectations.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.117-117
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• 2014

Thin $ZrO_2/Al_2O_3$ films were deposited on a tool steel substrate using Zr and Al cathodes in a cathodic arc plasma deposition system (CAPD), and then oxidized at $600-900^{\circ}C$ in air for up to 50 h. They effectively suppressed the oxidation of the substrate up to $800^{\circ}C$ by acting as a barrier layer against the outward diffusion of the substrate elements and inward diffusion of oxygen. However, rapid oxidation occurred at $900^{\circ}C$ due mainly to the increased diffusion and subsequent oxidation of steel as well as the crystallization of amorphous $Al_2O__3$.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.487-492
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• 1989

The microstructure and electrical properties of ZnO-Bi2O3 system with Bi2O3(0.5~5mol%) content have been investigated in relatin to sintering temperature and atmosphere. The grain size of ZnO increases sharply with Bi2O3(0.5~5mol%) content, but over 0.5mol% Bi2O3 increased less rapidly when sintered at 120$0^{\circ}C$. Electrical characteristics varied with sintering atmosphere and air-sintered conditions showed comparatively lower nonlinear exponents than the double-crucible conditions. Calculated barrier voltage was about 1.7V.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2002년도 제4회 영호남학술대회 논문집
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• pp.58-63
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• 2002

For the experiment the four types of spacer were distinguished by arrangement. The flashover characteristic on each types of spacer was investigated and the flashover phenomena were observed to understand breakdown mechanism in liquid nitrogen($LN_{2}$). The spacer should be placed interior coil as an insulator, a cooling channel and s supporter of structures. The simulated electrode used in the experiment was made from five turns of HTS tape. Experimental results revealed that multi-layer and barrier effects did work well in Air but did not in $LN_{2}$. These result suggested that the flashover in LN2 caused by the bubbles due to partial discharge at micro gap, g. The flashover characteristics decreased to 70% when g is 0.2 mm. The degradation was improved by even treatment on surface of coil electrode.

• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2016

A ground source heat pump (GSHP) system is recommended as a heating and cooling system to solve the pending energy problem in the field of air conditioning, because it has the highest efficiency. However, higher initial construction cost works as a barrier to the promotion and dissemination of GSHP system. In this study, numerical analysis on the characteristics of high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe with spiral inside was executed. The heat transfer and flow characteristics of it were compared with those of a conventional smooth HDPE pipe. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of the spiral HDPE pipe were higher than those of the smooth HDPE pipes at the same fluid flow rate. By decreasing the flow rate, the spiral HDPE pipe represented similar values of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop to the smooth HDPE pipe. The lower flow rate of the spiral HDPE pipe comparing with it of the smooth HDPE pipe is estimated to reduce the length of the ground loop heat exchanger.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.248-255
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• 2020

경사화 두께를 갖는 열차폐 코팅의 열적 내구성과 열적 안정성에 대한 코팅층 두께의 영향을 화염 열피로 시험과 열충격 시험을 통해서 조사하였다. Bond 층과 top 층은 각각 Ni-Cr계 상용 MCrAlY 분말과 상용 이트리아 안정화 지르코니아 (YSZ) 분말을 사용하여 니켈기지의 초내열합금 모재 (GTD-111)에 대기 플라즈마 용사법 (APS)으로 코팅층을 형성하였다. 1100 ℃의 화염으로 1429회 열피로 시험 후 bond 층이 일부 산화되고 top 층과 bond 층 계면에서 열화에 의한 산화층 (TGO)이 관찰되었으나, 코팅층 부위와 관계없이 균열이나 박리현상 없는 양호한 미세구조를 나타내었다. 1100 ℃ 열충격 시험결과, 37회 열충격 테스트 후 코팅층의 얇은 부위에서 박리가 시작되어 98회 시험 후 코팅층의 50% 이상이 박리되었으며, 코팅층의 두께가 얇게 형성된 부위는 코팅층이 두껍게 형성된 부위에 비해, top 층의 박리와 함께 bond 층의 산화가 많이 진행되었으며, 코팅층 두께가 상대적으로 두껍게 형성된 부위에서 열차폐 효과의 증가로 인해 bond 층의 내산화성과 열적 안정성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다.