• Acta Via Serica
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.153-186
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• 2020

The family as a social institution has survived most diverse political periods and appears resilient or at least able to reconstitute itself even in the aftermath of destructive events such as wars. Age at first marriage is one possibility to systematize the strategies that families follow in times of internal conflicts (e.g., civil wars), external interventions or peaceful times. The authors found that age at first marriage correlates with socio-political events whereas perceptions of insecurity lead to a decline in marital age. This paper is based on three case studies that the authors have conducted through ethnographic methods among Tajiks in the cities Kulob, Khujand, and Mazar-e Sharif in Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Combining Grounded Theory with the genealogical methods from social anthropology in order to generate demographic data, the authors introduce the method of grounded demography as a way to generate demographic data through ethnographic methods. Grounded demography offers a way to produce statistical data grounded in ethnographic research.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.43-52
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• 2014

Recently, Big Data is a buzzword in the creative economy generation. The organizations related to spatial information society focus on building the spatial big data systems. As spatial big data is a combination of spatial information and big data, the data visualization is essential in order to utilize them efficiently. One of the great methodologies for data visualization is infographics. Nationally, Chousn.com initiated the infographics news in 2010. Korean Administration Branches also recognized the importance of infographic and they adopted infographics for their briefings from 2013. Internationally, Visual.ly is leading company in the infographics market and they produced noticeable interactive infographics for Egypt Parliamentary Elections results. In the defense part, Guardian's datajournalism of Afghanistan war log was a good example of utilizing infographics. Throughout the research, five requirements are extracted. First source data should have precision and accuracy in terms of time and space manner. Second, infographics images have a compressibility. Third, the infographics is properly processed for military commanders. Fourth, sharing, openness and communication are essential for high quality infographic. Lastly, infographics should be an analytic tool for predicting future event based on the past data. Infographics is not a direct representation of data but an analytic tool for helping user's choice and decision in critical moments.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.317-347
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• 2013

This study focuses on the characteristics of terrorist bombing incidents and causal factors on terrorist bombing incidents and number of casualty per incident in Afghanistan though statistical quantitative analysis. For doing so, the bombing data from GTD(Global Terrorism Database) of START program occurred from January 1st 2002 until December 31st 2011 was used. By using descriptive analysis, chi-square, and logistic regression analysis, characteristics of bombing incidents and causal factors on the frequency of incidents and the number of casualty were identified. According to the analysis results, a clear pattern was appeared in terrorist bombing incidents. This result suggests that terrorists rationally and strategically calculate bombing operations and therefore terrorist bombing incidents and number of casualty per incident are conditioned or affected by time, season, Pashtun tribal entity, production level of drugs, the characteristics of targets.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.7
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• pp.55-89
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• 2009

This article aims to critically review recent U. S. RMA-centered theories of warfare having prevailed after the 1991-92 Gulf War upon which the current ROKA military transformation project, the Vision 2020, largely based. In order to evaluate validity as a universal warfighing theory of NCW (Network Centric Warfare) and EBO (Effects-Based Operations), this article reviews the intrinsic strength and weakness of the theories as well as results of several recent wars that the U. S. Army conducted based on doctrines derived form such theories, In addition, this article examines the impact of certain military technology or weapon system in some well-known historical wars to draw lessons regarding the relationship between technology(weapon system) and military victory. Historical examples has shown that victories in war were not achieved by new technologies alone in most cases. Rather military victories tended to owe to combination of new technology, original doctrine and well conceived organization. Although the U. S. Armed Forces showed brilliant records of operational successes anchored on the system of PGMs and NCW concepts in Iraq (1991-92; 2003) and Afghanistan (2001-02), it must be pointed out that the operational successes did not bring about political ones in cases of Iraq and Afghanistan. It reminds us of perils of too technologically tilted approach to the conduct of war. In sum, one ought to recognize that superior technology nowadays became a necessary condition of success but is not yet a sufficient condition, the ROKA needs to be abreast with development trends of military technologies and related theoretical concepts, it need not too be in a hurry in adopting cutting edged war-making technologies at the expense of large amount of budget. The essay recommends for the ROKA several basic requirements for coping with conduct of future wars as well as establishing a 'Korean style military thought'; (1) Recognition of importance of technology in conduct of war; (2) Imposition of officer self-study hours in working days; (3) Establishing a lifestyle of military professionalism in the Korean officer corps; (4) Setting up small or large groups of think-tanks that are specialized in army doctrinal formulation.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.28
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• pp.153-179
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• 2011

Korea has been a victim of State supporting terrorism by North Korea even before international society realize the terrorism threats because of 9.11 in US. However, state supporting terrorism against South Korea by North Korea went along with East/West Cold War System by US and the Soviet Union. It is because socialism that Kim Il-sung who established a separate government in North Korea with the political, economic, social and military support of the Soviet Union selected as his political ideology justifies terrorism as the tool to complete the proletariat revolution. North Korea's state supporting terrorism is being operated systematically and efficiently by military of North Korea. It gives big worries to international society not only by performing terrorism against Korea but also by dispatching terrorists and exporting terrorism strategies to the third world countries. In this situation, terrorism against Korea has met a new transition point at 9${\cdot}$11 in US. As South Korea is confronting North Korea and the war has not ended but suspended, the alliance between US and Korea is more important than anything else. Because of this Korea decided to support the anti-terrorism wars against Afghanistan and Iraq of US and other western countries and send military force there. The preface of the anti-terrorism war has begun as such. On October 7, 2001, US and UK started to attack Afghanistan and Taleban government in Afghanistan was dethroned on December 7, 2001. US and western countries started a war against Iraq on March 20, 2003. On April 9, 2003 Baghdad, the capital of Iraq fell, and Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Awja government was expelled. During the process, the terrorism threat against South Korea has expanded to Arab terrorists and terrorism organizations as well as North Korea. Consequently, although Korean government, scholars and working level public servants made discussions and tried to seek countermeasures, the damages are extending. Accordingly, terrorism against Korean companies in overseas after 9${\cdot}$11 were analyzed focusing on Nation, Region, Victimology, and Weapons used for the attacks. Especially, the trend of terrorism against the Korean companies in overseas was discussed by classifying them chronologically such as initiation and termination of anti-terrorism wars against Afghanistan and Iraq, and from the execution of Iraqi President, Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Awja to December 2010. Through this, possible terrorism incidents after the execution of Osama bin Laden, the leader of Al-Qaeda, on May 2, 2011 were projected and proposals were made for the countermeasures.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.337-344
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• 2015

As many of armored vehicles are seriously exposed to threat of IEDs(Improvised Explosive Devices) in the Afghanistan war and the Iraq war. V-shaped military vehicles are deeply studied in order to protect crews and mounted soldiers against land mines. Generally the experiment on full-scaled V-shaped structure needs excessively high cost, which becomes a huge barrier to study. In this paper, we explore the possibility to make a half-scaled model of the V-shaped structure by using the geometric similarity scaling. We demonstrate the geometric similarity scaling between the original model and the half-scaled model is established on the momentum and deflections of structure via computer simulations and experiments. At this stage, we conduct only numerical analysis of predicting vibration of V-shaped structure because measuring vibration of structure is difficult in the mass-explosion experiment, which is remained as future work.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2015

Reintegration after military deployment is a significant family stressor. Guided by Eisenberg's heuristic model of socialization of emotions, the present study examined the relationships between parental emotion socialization, children's emotionality and children's internalizing symptoms using a military sample. It was also investigated whether gender of parents and children impacted parental emotion socialization. Questionnaires were gathered from 248 families with a 4-12 year old child (M = 7.78) in which a parent had been deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan. Children's emotionality was positively correlated with children's internalizing symptoms and non-supportive parental emotion socialization. Independent-t-tests and two-way ANOVAs showed that mothers reported more supportive reactions towards children's negative emotions than fathers. Father reports of expressive encouragement were positively associated with child reports of anxiety and depression. Child gender did not influence how parents responded to negative emotions. Implications and future directions were discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1507-1520
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• 2021

Let R be a commutative ring with 1 ≠ 0, n be a positive integer and M be an R-module. In this paper, we introduce the concept of weakly quasi n-absorbing submodule which is a proper generalization of quasi n-absorbing submodule. We define a proper submodule N of M to be a weakly quasi n-absorbing submodule if whenever a ∈ R and x ∈ M with 0 ≠ aⁿ x ∈ N, then aⁿ ∈ (N :_R M) or a^n-1 x ∈ N. We study the basic properties of this notion and establish several characterizations.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.633-636
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• 2022

The reduction of energy consumption at the base station (BS) has become more important recently. In this paper, we consider the adaptive muting of the antennas based on the predicted future traffic load to reduce the energy consumption where the number of active antennas is adaptively adjusted according to the predicted future traffic load. Given that traffic load is sequential data, three different RNN structures, namely long-short term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) are considered for the future traffic load prediction. Through the performance evaluation based on the actual traffic load collected from the Afghanistan telecom company, we confirm that the traffic load can be estimated accurately and the overall power consumption can also be reduced significantly using the antenna musing.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.97-107
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• 2012

Our nation, of which the term of dispatching troops is winded up at the end of this year, is facing presidential election time including the nuclear security summit meeting in March, opening of EXPO in May, and the general election. Hence, the possibility to select our nation at the strategy forming public opinion of military withdrawal through Taliban's terror is high. It coincides with public affair strategy of Taliban terror and learning effect by the past cases. If the possibility of terror threat of Taliban along with this is summarized, the period of threat will concentrate on and be heightened in the first half when the nuclear security summit meeting and EXPO open in our nation, and target and method have high possibility of collision terror of bomb carrying vehicle and suicide bomb on national government organizations or American facilities, and etc, and possibility of kidnapping on our people such as oversea tourists, missionaries, and so on. Terror groups joining the criminal act is to use Islam illegal aliens who already acquire base in our nation or entry maneuver of specialized terrorists connected to Al-Qaeda. Pretext of such terror is withdrawal of our military and western allies stationed in Afghanistan. Therefore, publicity terror of Taliban against our people living overseas and security measure of international events such as the world nuclear security summit meeting, Yeosu EXPO, and etc in the first half of this year should be thoroughly prepared, domestic illegal aliens' movement should be comprehended, and measure blocking international terrorists' relating to Taliban infiltration into our nation should be sought for. Also, there is need of early announcement of government's political will on our military stationed in Afghanistan.