Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/csac.2015.5.1.001

Parental Emotion Socialization in Military Families  

He, Yaliu (University of Minnesota Twin Cities)
Gewirtz, Abigail (University of Minnesota Twin Cities)
Dworkin, Jodi (University of Minnesota Twin Cities)
Publication Information
Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts / v.5, no.1, 2015 , pp. 1-19 More about this Journal
Abstract
Reintegration after military deployment is a significant family stressor. Guided by Eisenberg's heuristic model of socialization of emotions, the present study examined the relationships between parental emotion socialization, children's emotionality and children's internalizing symptoms using a military sample. It was also investigated whether gender of parents and children impacted parental emotion socialization. Questionnaires were gathered from 248 families with a 4-12 year old child (M = 7.78) in which a parent had been deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan. Children's emotionality was positively correlated with children's internalizing symptoms and non-supportive parental emotion socialization. Independent-t-tests and two-way ANOVAs showed that mothers reported more supportive reactions towards children's negative emotions than fathers. Father reports of expressive encouragement were positively associated with child reports of anxiety and depression. Child gender did not influence how parents responded to negative emotions. Implications and future directions were discussed.
Keywords
deployment; emotionality; internalizing symptoms; parental emotion socialization;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Albrecht, T. L., Burleson, B. R., & Goldsmith, D. (1994). Supportive communication. In M. L., Knapp & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (2nd ed., pp. 419-449). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2 Baker, J. K., Fenning, R. M., & Crnic, K. A. (2011). Emotion socialization by mothers and fathers: Coherence among behaviors and associations with parent attitudes and children's social competence. Social Development, 20(2), 412-430.   DOI
3 Belsky, J., Fish, M., & Isabella, R. (1991). Continuity and discontinuity in infant negative and positive emotionality: Family antecedents and attachment consequences. Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 421-431.
4 Belsky, J., Hsieh, K. H., & Crnic, K. (1998). Mothering, fathering, and infant negativity as antecedents of boys' externalizing problems and inhibition at age 3 years: Differential susceptibility to rearing experience? Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 301-319.   DOI
5 Birnbaum, D. W., & Croll, W. L. (1984). The etiology of children's stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality. Sex Roles, 10(9-10), 677-691.   DOI
6 Chandra, A., Lara-Cinisomo, S., Jaycox, L. H., Tanielian, T., Burns, R. M., Ruder, T., & Han, B. (2010). Children on the homefront: The experience of children from military families. Pediatrics, 125(1), 16-25.   DOI
7 Chartrand, M. M., Frank, D. A., White, L. F., & Shope, T. R. (2008). Effect of parents' wartime deployment on the behavior of young children in military families. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(11), 1009-1014.   DOI
8 Denham, S. A., Mitchell-Copeland, J., Strandberg, K., Auerbach, S., & Blair, K. (1997). Parental contributions to preschoolers' emotional competence: Direct and indirect effects. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1), 65-86.   DOI
9 Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., Levine, S., & Emmons, R. A. (1985). Intensity and frequency: Dimensions underlying positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(5), 1253.   DOI
10 Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.   DOI
11 Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, L., & Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72(4), 1112-1134.   DOI
12 Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Bernzweig, J., Karbon, M., Poulin, R., & Hanish, L. (1993). The relations of emotionality and regulation to preschoolers' social skills and sociometric status. Child Development, 64(5), 1418-1438.   DOI
13 Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1994). Mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's temperament and anger behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 138-156.
14 Eisenberg, N., Wentzel, N., & Harris, J. D. (1998). The Role of emotionality and regulation in empathy-related responding. School Psychology Review, 27(4), 506-521.
15 Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Maszk, P., Smith, M., & Karbon, M. (1995). The role of emotionality and regulation in children's social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66(5), 1360-1384.   DOI
16 Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67(5), 2227-2247.   DOI
17 Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children's negative emotions: Longitudinal relations to quality of children's social functioning. Child Development, 70(2), 513-534.   DOI
18 Engle, J. M., & McElwain, N. L. (2011). Parental reactions to toddlers' negative emotions and child negative emotionality as correlates of problem behavior at the age of three. Social Development, 20(2), 251-271.   DOI
19 Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Bernzweig, J. (1990). The coping with children's negative emotions scale: Procedures and scoring. Unpublished document available from the authors, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. Retrieved April 1, 2003 from http://www.public.asu.edu/-sparky00/fabes/cnesall.pdf
20 Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions: Relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72(3), 907-920.   DOI
21 Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Madden-Derdich, D. A. (2002). The Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES): Psychometric properties and relations with children's emotional competence. Marriage & Family Review, 34(3), 285-310.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Gewirtz, A., & Davis, L. (2014). Parenting practices and emotion regulation in National Guard and Reserve families: Early findings from the After Deployment Adaptive Parenting Tools/ADAPT study. In S. M. Wadsworth & D. S. Riggs (Eds.), Military deployment and its consequences for families (pp.111-131). New York: Springer.
23 Fivush, R., Brotman, M. A., Buckner, J. P., & Goodman, S. H. (2000). Gender differences in parent-child emotion narratives. Sex Roles, 42(3-4), 233-253.   DOI
24 Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Motivation and Emotion, 27(1), 7-26.   DOI
25 Garside, R. B., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2002). Socialization of discrete negative emotions: Gender differences and links with psychological distress. Sex Roles, 47(3-4), 115-128.   DOI
26 Gorman, G. H., Eide, M., & Hisle-Gorman, E. (2010). Wartime military deployment and increased pediatric mental and behavioral health complaints. Pediatrics, 126(6), 1058-1066.   DOI
27 Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1997). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
29 Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., & DeRose, L. (2005). Links among gender, inhibition, and parental socialization in the development of prosocial behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982-), 51(4), 467-493.   DOI
30 Hastings, P. D., & De, I. (2008). Parasympathetic regulation and parental socialization of emotion: Biopsychosocial processes of adjustment in preschoolers. Social Development, 17(2), 211-238.   DOI
31 Lengua, L. J. (2003). Associations among emotionality, self-regulation, adjustment problems, and positive adjustment in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(5), 595-618.   DOI
32 Hosek, J., Kavanagh, J. E., & Miller, L. L. (2006). How deployments affect service members. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation.
33 Keltner, D., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1995). Facial expressions of emotion and psychopathology in adolescent boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(4), 644.   DOI
34 Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21(1), 1-39.   DOI
35 Little, R. J., & Rubin, D. B. (1989). The analysis of social science data with missing values. Sociological Methods & Research, 18(2-3), 292-326.   DOI
36 MacDermid, S. M. (2006, June 22). Multiple transitions of deployment and reunion for military families. Purdue University. Retrieved from http://www.networkofcare.org/library/DeployReunionPPTPurdue.pdf
37 McElwain, N. L., Halberstadt, A. G., & Volling, B. L. (2007). Mother- and father-reported reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to young children's emotional understanding and friendship quality. Child Development, 78(5), 1407-1425.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Oldehinkel, A. J., Hartman, C. A., De Winter, A. F., Veenstra, R., & Ormel, J. (2004). Temperament profiles associated with internalizing and externalizing problems in preadolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 16(2), 421-440.   DOI
39 O'Neal, C. R., & Magai, C. (2005). Do parents respond in different ways when children feel different emotions? The emotional context of parenting. Development and Psychopathology, 17(2), 467-487.
40 Oldehinkel, A. J., Hartman, C. A., Ferdinand, R. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Ormel, J. (2007). Effortful control as modifier of the association between negative emotionality and adolescents' mental health problems. Development and Psychopathology, 19(2), 523-539.   DOI
41 Parke, R. D. (1995). Fathers and families. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 3. Status and social conditions of parenting (pp.27-63). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
42 Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C., Stams, G. J. J., Hermanns, J., & Peetsma, T. T. (2007). Child negative emotionality and parenting from infancy to preschool: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology, 43(2), 438.   DOI
43 Price, J. L., Monson, C. M., Callahan, K., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2006). The role of emotional functioning in military-related PTSD and its treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(5), 661-674.   DOI
44 Propper, C., & Moore, G. A. (2006). The influence of parenting on infant emotionality: A multi-level psychobiological perspective. Developmental Review, 26(4), 427-460.   DOI
45 Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1998). BASC: Behavior assessment system for children: Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc.
46 Rothbart M. K., & Bates J. E. (2006). Temperament. In W. Damon, R. Lerner, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp.99-166). New York: Wiley.
47 Sanson, A., Hemphill, S. A., & Smart, D. (2004). Connections between temperament and social development: A review. Social Development, 13(1), 142-170.   DOI
48 Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L., & Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72(5), 1394-1408.   DOI
49 Rydell, A. M., Berlin, L., & Bohlin, G. (2003). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and adaptation among 5-to 8-year-old children. Emotion, 3(1), 30.   DOI
50 Sallquist, J. V., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Reiser, M., Hofer, C., Zhou, Q., & Eggum, N. (2009). Positive and negative emotionality: trajectories across six years and relations with social competence. Emotion, 9(1), 15.   DOI
51 Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Prout, J. T., O'Rourke, F., Lane, T. J., & Kovacs, M. (2011). Socialization of emotion and offspring internalizing symptoms in mothers with childhood-onset depression. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(3), 127-136.   DOI
52 Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B., Popp, T., Smith, C. L., Kupfer, A., Greving, K., Liew, J., & Hofer, C. (2007). Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers' effortful control to children's adjustment and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 43(5), 1170.   DOI
53 Suveg, C., Zeman, J., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Cassano, M. (2005). Emotion socialization in families of children with an anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(2), 145-155.   DOI
54 Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (1996). Patterns of relatedness, depressive symptomatology, and perceived competence in maltreated children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 32.   DOI
55 Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2004). Temperament and attachment disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 32-41.   DOI
56 Zahn-Waxler, C., Klimes-Dougan, B., & Slattery, M. (2000). Internalizing disorders of childhood and adolescence: Progress and prospects for advances in understanding anxiety and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 443-466.   DOI