• 한국균학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.150-154
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• 2009

The diversity of microflora according to growth stage of Pleurotus ostreatus and the correlation between microbe and medium fermentation were investigated. In farmhouse I, the aerobic bacteria and fungi as longer of growing period were increased. And, thermophilic bacteria and fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. showed high density at the early stage of spawn inoculation. The thermophilic actinomycetes were distributed evenly during all the growing period, but mesophilic actinomycetes were not observed. In farmhouse II, thermophilic actinomycetes were not observed in fermented medium and density of fungi were suddenly increased at 60 days after spawn inoculation. And also, mushrooms can hardly be harvested due to Penicillium spp. After medium fermentation, density of aerobic bacteria, thermophilic bacteria, and fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. was higher at farmhouse I than those of farmhouse II. In farmhouse I, Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. dominated at early stage of mushroom growth but as time goes by, density of Bacillus sp. was higher than the others. And also, the kind of microbe showed a few at early stage of mushroom growth but increased as time goes by. In farmhouse II, Bacillus sp. was dominated at early stage of mushroom growth. And the growth of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. showed intersect aspect each other in the farmhouse I but Bacillus sp. dominated during all growth periods in the farmhouse II.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.36-47
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• 2009

유기물의 퇴비화과정중 미생물과 이에 관련된 퇴비의 생화학적 질량의 변화는 퇴비화공정 최적화와 최종산물의 품질은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 퇴비화단계중 미생물과 관련 생화학적 변수의 질량변화가 퇴비부숙도의 기준으로서의 적합성을 평가하였다. 전국 5개 퇴비공장 (용인축협, 양평축협, 논산축협, 전주연초, 지리산낙협)에서 세 단계 (초기, 부숙, 후숙)의 퇴비시료를 채취하여, Total Aerobic Bacteria(TAB), Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Actinomycetes, Fungi 등의 군집농도를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 5개 퇴비공장의 시료에서 Coliforms과 E.coli는 부숙단계에서 급격히 감소되어 후숙단계에서는 완전 사멸되었으나 다른 미생물은 완전 사멸되지 않았다. 그러므로 Coliforms과 E.coli 군집을 부숙도의 기준으로 제시하였다. 미생물탄소질량/질소질량비 (MBC/MBN)는 부숙단계에서 약간 감소하였으며, 후숙 단계에서는 증가하였다. 이는 부숙단계에서 Coliforms, E. coli, Fungi 등의 군집감소 때문으로, 후숙단계에서는 Fungi 및 TAB 군집증가 때문으로 이해된다. 또한 중금속성분 농도는 방선균 군집과 매우 강한 음(陰)의 상관성을 나타내었다. 본 연구의 성과는 Coliforms과 E.coli 군집 농도를 퇴비부숙도 기준으로 제시하였으며, 중금속농도와 미생물군집농도 상관관계를 이용하여 퇴비품질의 평가기준을 제시한 데 있다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.47-51
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• 1982

135 Raw milk samples corrected from 4 dairy plants before processing were held at 63$\circ$C for 30 minutes and 80$\circ$C for 10 minutes. Thermoduric mesophiles, psychrotrophs and thermophilic bacteria were estimated from the samples treated at 63$\circ$C for 30 minutes and aerobic spore formers from the samples treated at 80$\circ$C for 10 minutes. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The distribution of thermoduric mesophiles were $10^4 - 10^5$ cfu/ml (45.2%), $10^2 - 10^4$ cfu/ml (21.5%), $10^5$ cfu/ml over (20.7%), $10^2 - 10^3$ cfu/ml (8.9%) and $10 - 10^2$ cfu/ml (3.7%). 2) The distribution of thermoduric psychrotrophs were 10 - $10^2$ cfu/ml (40.2%), $10^2 - 10^3$ cfu/ml (29.5%), 10 cfu/ml below (22.3%) and $10^3 - 10^4$ cfu/ml (8.0%). Isolated psychrotrophs had the characteristics of Streptococcus, Micrococcus and Alcaligenes group. 3) The distribution of thermophilic bacteria were 10 cfu/ml below (91.9%), and 10 - $10^2$ cfu/ml (81.8%). 4) Aerobic spore formers counts were 10 cfu/ml below (27.4%), $10^3 - 10^4$ cfu/Illl (26.5%), $10^2 - 10^3$ cfu/ml (23.9%)and 10 - $10^2$ cfu/ml (22.1%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2006

The performance of an autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) system was studied to determine if nitrogen loss, as ammonia, was affected by an exhaust gas condenser. The system was run with and without a condenser while treating $8m^3$ of piggery slurry for 8 days. The system with a condenser (SWC) maintained the reactor temperatures above $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 days during the 8 days run, while the system without a condenser (SWOC) remained above $40^{\circ}C$ for 6 days. The SWC maintained the reactor temperatures mostly at mesophilic conditions while the SWOC at thermophilc conditions. Differences in operation conditions for the two runs were mainly caused by differences in atmospheric temperatures. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiencies of the SWC (SCOD: 62%, VS: 41%) were higher than those of the SWOC (SCOD: 40%, VS: 20%). The total Kjeldal nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiency of the SWC (7%) was less than that of the SWOC (25%). The concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the SWC was observed to be lower than the threshold value of 0.23 g total VFA/L after 6 days, while the SWOC progressed below the threshold value after 3 days. No offensive odor emissions were observed in either run, which suggest that the use of the ATAD system may be a good odor removal strategy.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.510-517
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• 1999

For the treatment of Korean food-wastes, three mesophilic and one thermophilic bacteria were isolated from soil and fermented fertilizers. The thermophilic Streptomyces sp. strain WF021 produced two enzymes which were a protease and a lipase at 55$^{\circ}C$. The mesophilic Bacillus sp. strain WF024 produced four enzymes which were a protease, a lipase, a amylase and a cellulase when the strain was grown both at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 55$^{\circ}C$. The Bacillus sp. PY123 had produced three enzymes which were a protease, a cellulase and a lipase at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The Bacillus sp. strain CM1 produced three enzymes which were a protease, a amylase, and a cellulase at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The bacteria were grown in media containing 6% NaCl at least and did not have antagonism each other. The four isolates treated much more food-wastes than referance strains did. In a flask without aeration, three reference strains treated 15.4% of food-wastes, while four isolates treated 23.7% of food-wastes. In a flask with aeration, food-wastes were treated 67.3% by four isolates, and 64.3% by three reference strains, but 53.9% without bacteria. However, food-wastes were treated about 78% in a 200$\ell$-reactor made by Siwon Co., while 65.8% in a 20$\ell$-reactor made by Sanyo Co.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.278-283
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• 2013

A gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, motile thermophilic bacterium was isolated from a sterilization oven. The microorganism GWE1, formally named Geobacillus wiegelii identified as a member of the genus Geobacillus. GWE1 grew under aerobic conditions of between $60-80^{\circ}C$ (optimum $670^{\circ}C$), in a pH range of 3.0-8.0 (optimum $pH^{70^{\circ}C}$ 5.8), and between 0 and 2 M NaCl (optimum 0.3 M). The membrane polar lipids were dominated by branched saturated fatty acids, which included as the major constituents; iso-15:0 (13.3%), 16:1(${\omega}7$) (12.8%), 16:0 (28.5%), iso-17:0 (13.5%) and anteiso-17:0 (12.3%). The DNA G+C content was 47.2 mol% (determined by HPLC). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of GWE1 showed a high similarity with Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus (97%). However, the level of DNA-DNA relatedness was only 58%. These data suggest that GWE1 is probably a novel specie of the genus Geobacillus.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.103-114
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• 1995

현재 미국이나 캐나다에서는 고농도 유기성 폐수의 처리에 대한 고온 호기성 소화 공정의 여러 가지 장점으로 인하여 활발한 연구 및 적용이 진행되고 있으며, 국내에서도 고농도 유기성 폐수 처리의 여러 문제점으로 관심이 고조되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 돈 분뇨 폐수를 대상으로 고온 호기성 소화 공정의 적용 타당성을 평가하기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 호기성 소화 슬럿지는 악취 및 부패 등의 측면에서는 상당히 안정화됨으로서 소화슬럿지의 습식사료화 및 액비화의 가능성을 보여주었다. 그러나 습식사료화는 국내 양돈 농가가 대부분 건식 사료 급이 체제를 이루고 있으므로 사료 급이 체제의 전환이 요구되고, 액비화의 경우는 초지 확보가 가능한 단위 농장에서만 적용이 가능하리라고 사료된다. 한편 고온 호기성 소화조의 온도 상승 원인을 조사한 실험 결과에 의하면 생물학적 활성으로 인하여 발생한 에너지보다 교반 에너지에 의한 온도상승이 훨씬 큰 것으로 나타나고 있어 ATAD의 기본 원리에 어긋나고 있어 고온 호기성 소화를 거친 돈 분뇨 폐수가 습식 사료화 될 수 없는 여건하에서 단순한 폐수 처리의 목적만으로 고온 호기성 소화조를 적용하는 것은 비경제적이라고 할 수 있다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2013

We planned to study how the chemical disposal designed by SOP can affect on physicochemical compositions of the livestock excrement. According to Livestock Manure Management Scheme, we experimented in two steps; the first step, NaOH treatment-Citric acid neutralization, and then the second procedure, Thermophilic Aerobic Oxidation (TAO) system. Physicochemical compositions of the 3-days-old samples after NaOH treatment were pH 10.31, EC 24.54 mS/cm, SCOD 3,022 mg/L, T-N 4,315 mg/L, $NH{_4}^+-N$ 1,960 mg/L, and not detected E. coli.. And those of one-day-old samples after citric acid neutralization were pH 7.36, EC 32.89 mS/cm, $SCOD_{Mn}$ 12,733 mg/L, T-N 4,787 mg/L, $NH{_4}^+-N$ 2,450 mg/L, and E. coli. not detected. In contrast, the physicochemical compositions of the treatment plots after the second treatment with TAO system (72hr) were pH 9.42 EC 24.21 mS/cm, $SCOD_{Mn}$ 3,660 mg/L, T-N 3,616 mg/L, $NH{_4}^+-N$ 1,190 mg/L, and no detection of E. coli.

• 환경기술인
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• 통권184호
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• pp.64-69
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• 2001

1998년 기준으로 하수처리장에서 발생하는 슬러지는 약 144만톤/년으로 발생량 대부분을 단순매립과 해양투기로 처리하고 있어서, 각종 규제가 강화됨에 따라 처리방안에 대한 대안 마련이 시급한 실정이다. 특히 단순매립 시에는 슬러지 대부분이 유기물로 부패되어 매립지 내에서 악취, 침출수, 해충 등의 2차 환경오염을 야기시키고 있다. 따라서 본 연구개발의 목표는 자가발열 고온호기성 소화(Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digest

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.89-95
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• 1997

The current processer of the textile wastewater treatment are mostly consisted of a combination of a physico-chemical and a biological treatment. The overall efficiency of these processes is, however, assessed to be fairly low. It is even worse during the summer season when temperature of the wastewater rises above 40$\circ $C. Therefore, a feasible process of the textile wastewater treatment which can work efficiently at higher temperatures was investigated in this work. We used a bench scale reactor consisted of one 4 liter anaerobic and one 8 liter aerobic tank, and the thermophilic symbiotic PVA degraders, Pasteruella hemolytica KMG1 and Pseudomonas sp. KMG6 that had been isolated in our laboratory. In the preliminary flask experiments, we observed that the thermophilic symbiotic PVA degraders could not grow in the wastewater substrate. Then, we isolated the mutant strains by acclimating the KMG1and KMG6 strains to the wastewater medium. The mutant symbionts (KMG1-1 and KMG6-1) were isolated through 6 times successive transfers into the fresh wastewater medium after 5 days culture for each. The mutant strains obtained grew well in the mixed medium composed of 75% wastewater and 25% synthetic medium, and supplemented with 0.5% PVA as a sole carbon source. During the culture for 14 days at pH 7.0 and 40$\CIRC $C, the bacteria assimilated about 89% of the added PVA. The symbionts degraded equally well all the PVA substrates of different molecular weight (nd=500~30000). In contrast to the flask experiments, in the reactor system the mutant strains showed very low levels of the PVA and COD removal rates. However, the new reactor system with an additional aerobic tank attained 82% removal rate of COD, 94% of PVA degradation and 71% of color index under the conditions of 5% inoculm on the tank 2, incubation temperature of 40$\circ $C, dissolved oxygen level of 2~3 mg/l and retention time of 30 hours. This result ensures that the process described above could be an efficient and feasible treatment for the PVA contained textile wastewater at higher temperatures.