• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.267-272
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• 2013

The anti-obesity effects of a hot water extract from wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum.) leaves (WLE), without its specific pungent constituents, such as allyl-isothiocyanate, were investigated in high fat-diet induced mice. C57J/BL mice were fed a high-fat diet (control group) or a high-fat diet supplemented with 5% WLE (WLE group). Physical parameters and blood profiles were determined. Gene expression associated with lipid metabolism in liver and white adipose tissue were analyzed. After 120 days of feeding, significantly lower body weight gain, liver weight and epididymal white adipose tissue weight was observed in the WLE group compared to the control group. In liver gene expression within the WLE group, PPAR${\alpha}$ was significantly enhanced and SREBP-1c was significantly suppressed. Subsequent downstream genes controlled by these regulators were significantly suppressed. In epididymal white adipose tissue of the WLE group, expression of leptin, PPAR${\gamma}$, and C/EBP${\alpha}$ were significantly suppressed and adiponectin was significantly enhanced. Acox, related to fatty acid oxidization in adipocytes, was also enhanced. Our results demonstrate that the WLE dietary supplement induces mild suppression of obesity in a high-fat diet induced mice, possibly due to suppression of lipid accumulation in liver and white adipose tissue.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2019

The epididymal fat of mouse is a part of visceral fat deposit and is divided into the distal or proximal part based on its histochemical characteristics. Even though the formation of the epididymal fat pad begins before the birth, a detailed adipogenic procedure of the epididymal fat has not been revealed. The epididymal fat pad becomes enlarged and expended with age, and expressional changes of numerous genes are associated with the maturation of fat tissues. In the present research, expressional patterns of adipose tissue-related genes in the distal epididymal fat of mouse at 2, 5, 8, and 12 months of postnatal age were determined by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The lowest transcript levels of fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4), lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 (Dlk1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg), leptin (Lep), adiponectin (Adipoq), and resistin (Retn) were detected at 2 months of age, except fatty acid synthase (Fasn) showing the lowest level at 5 months of age. Even though expression of Lep and Fabp4 were gradually increased until 12 months of age, significant increases of Pparg and Adipoq transcript levels were continued until 8 months of age. The transcript levels of Lpl, Rent, Dlk1, and Fasn were significantly increased at 8 months of age, compared with those at 2 months of age. The current findings suggest that the expansion of the distal epididymal fat of mouse during postnatal period would be companied with differential expression of various adipocyte-associated molecules.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.58-72
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of fermented soybean on body weight, body fat, serum lipid profiles in obese women, especially specific to menopausal woman. Methods: Sixty healthy obese volunteers who visited ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University Oriental Hospital from May 20th, 2014 to September 25th, 2014 took part in clinical trial. They divided into 2 groups, 30 volunteers allocated to fermented soybean and other 30 to placebo group. Body weight, BMI, waist and hip ratio, serum lipid were measured 3 times, and fat percentage, leptin, adiponectin were evaluated 2 times. Results: All 60 volunteers completed 12-week trial. 5 men were excluded, and 2 women against the clinical decision rule were excluded. In the end, 53 women were studied as clinical subjects. After 12 weeks intervention, there was no effects in comparison of group by time interaction. Without considering time interaction, there was a significant difference in triglyceride level between soybean group and placebo group (p=0.044). Treatment group were dividing by age 40, a group in age 40 or over 40, and other group aged below 40. There was a significant difference in group by time interaction of total cholesterol level, and without considering time interaction, there was a significant change in waist-hip ratio between groups. Conclusions: There were no effects on weight and body fat decrease in 12-week trial using fermented soybean as a supplement. But there were significant differences in triglyceride change between the treatment and placebo groups, also cholesterol and waist and hip ratio in soybean group divided by age 40. It seems that fermented soybean is effected on improving serum lipid profiles.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.919-933
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• 2021

We hypothesized that the unsaturated fatty acid palmitoleic acid (POA) could promote the expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes in bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells (BSCs). The BSCs were cultured in a growth medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. When the cells reached 80%-90% confluence, we used the differentiation medium with 5% horse serum for differentiation for 96 h. The differentiation medium contained 50 µM, 100 µM and 200 µM POA. Control BSC were cultured only in differentiation media. Compared with the control BSC, the POA BSC significantly up-regulated the expression of paired box 3 (Pax3) and paired box 7 (Pax7) and down-regulated myogenin gene expression (p < 0.01), which indicates a depression in muscle fiber development. However, all POA treatments up-regulated the expression of the adipocyte transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and beta (C/EBP α and C/EBP β), and other genes (p < 0.01) and increased the expression of PAT-family proteins and the concentration of adiponectin in the media. These results indicate that POA can convert part of BSCs into adipocytes.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2021

고지방 식이로 고지혈증과 산화적 스트레스를 유도한 생쥐에서 메밀식이섬유의 개선 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 고지방 식이와 함께 메밀식이섬유(저농도, 500 mg/kg; 고농도, 1,000 mg/kg)를 제공한 그룹의 체중은 고지방 식이만 제공한 그룹과 비교하여 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 또한 메밀식이섬유를 제공한 그룹의 지질프로파일 개선 효과는 저농도에서 고농도로 용량 의존적으로 관찰되었다. 혈청 지질 프로파일과 인슐린, 포도당 및 유리 지방산의 수준은 메밀식이섬유 제공으로 유의하게 감소한 반면, HDL-C와 디포넥틴은 유의하게 증가했다(p<0.05). 한편, 고지방 식이만 제공한 그룹과 비교하여 메밀식이섬유 제공으로 혈청 말론다이알데히드(MDA) 수준이 농도 의존적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 결과적으로 메밀식이섬유의 섭취는 이상지질혈증과 산화 스트레스를 개선함으로써 비만과 관련 대사 장애를 예방할 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The $NAD^+$ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a type of vitamin $B_3$ found in cow's milk and yeast-containing food products such as beer. Recent studies suggested that NR prevents hearing loss, high-fat diet-induced obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondrial myopathy. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NR on inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis in AML12 mouse hepatocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: A subset of hepatocytes was treated with palmitic acid (PA; $250{\mu}M$) for 48 h to induce hepatocyte steatosis. The hepatocytes were treated with NR ($10{\mu}M$ and 10 mM) for 24 h with and without PA. The cell viability and the levels of sirtuins, inflammatory markers, and mitochondrial markers were analyzed. RESULTS: Cytotoxicity of NR was examined by PrestoBlue assay. Exposure to NR had no effect on cell viability or morphology. Gene expression of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and Sirt3 was significantly upregulated by NR in PA-treated hepatocytes. However, Sirt1 activities were increased in hepatocytes treated with low-dose NR. Hepatic pro-inflammatory markers including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were decreased in NR-treated cells. NR upregulated anti-inflammatory molecule adiponectin, and, tended to down-regulate hepatokine fetuin-A in PA-treated hepatocytes, suggesting its inverse regulation on these cytokines. NR increased levels of mitochondrial markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ coactivator-$1{\alpha}$, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, uncoupling protein 2, transcription factor A, mitochondrial and mitochondrial DNA in PA-treated hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that NR attenuated hepatic inflammation and increased levels of mitochondrial markers in hepatocytes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.107-116
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• 2019

The global obesity epidemic and associated metabolic diseases require alternative biological targets for new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we show that a phytochemical sulfuretin suppressed adipocyte differentiation of preadipocytes and administration of sulfuretin to high fat diet-fed obese mice prevented obesity and increased insulin sensitivity. These effects were associated with a suppressed expression of inflammatory markers, induced expression of adiponectin, and increased levels of phosphorylated ERK and AKT. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of sulfuretin in adipocytes, we performed microarray analysis and identified activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3) as a sulfuretin-responsive gene. Sulfuretin elevated Atf3 mRNA and protein levels in white adipose tissue and adipocytes. Consistently, deficiency of Atf3 promoted lipid accumulation and the expression of adipocyte markers. Sulfuretin's but not resveratrol's anti-adipogenic effects were diminished in Atf3 deficient cells, indicating that Atf3 is an essential factor in the effects of sulfuretin. These results highlight the usefulness of sulfuretin as a new anti-obesity intervention for the prevention of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.356-368
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Pharbitidis Semen (PS) on obesity using 3T3-L1 cells and high-fat-diet rats. Methods: After the administration of PS at a concentration of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50 mg/ml in 3T3-L1 cells, the degree of differentiation of adipocytes was measured by Oil Red O staining. The experimental animals were divided into five groups in vivo. Normal group: diet-fed normal group (Normal), Control group (Control): high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed, Positive control group (PC): HFD+Contrave 200 mg/kg, PS_Low group: HFD+PS 250 mg/kg group, PS_High group: HFD+PS 500 mg/kg. Results: The total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), and triglycerides (TG) content of the PS medication groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. In addition, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) tended to increase, and free fatty acid, total lipid, and phospholipid tended to decrease, but the decrease was not statistically significant. The administration of PS inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and a statistically significant difference was found in the group administered with 0.125 mg/ml. The mRNA expression of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ and leptin, which are involved in the differentiation of adipocytes, was observed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expressions of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ and leptin significantly decreased in comparison with the control and the positive control.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.854-863
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• 2020

This study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Porphyra dentata (P. dentata) extract on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells and evaluate its anti-obesity effect. The proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells and differentiation of adipocytes under treatment of P. dentata extract was examined by measuring the cell viability using alamarBlue assay and lipid droplets by Oil Red O staining. Results showed that P. dentata extract has no cytotoxicity effect and lipid droplets formation decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 cells. It has been confirmed that transcription factors affecting lipid accumulation and anti-adipogenic effects during cell differentiation are linked to P. dentata extract. We observed that P. dentata shows lowering the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) that adipogenesis-associated key transcription factors and inhibiting adipogenesis in the early stages of differentiation. Treating the cells with P. dentata did not only suppressed PPARγ2 and C/EBPα but also significantly decreased the mRNA expression of adiponectin, Leptin, fatty acid synthase, adipocyte protein 2, and Acetyl-coA carboxylase 1. Overall, the P. dentata extract demonstrated inhibitory property in adipogenesis, which has a potential effect in anti-obesity in 3T3-L1 cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2022

In this study, the survival capacity (acid and bile salt tolerance, and adhesion to gut epithelial cells) and probiotic properties (enzyme activity-inhibition and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibition of adipogenesis, and stress hormone level reduction) of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314, isolated from kimchi (Korean traditional fermented cabbage), were investigated. LRCC5314 exhibited very stable survival at ph 2.0 and in 0.2% bile acid with 89.9% adhesion to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells after treatment for 2 h. LRCC5314 also inhibited the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which are involved in elevating postprandial blood glucose levels, by approximately 72.9% and 51.2%, respectively. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with the LRCC5314 lysate decreased the levels of the inflammatory factors nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and interferon-γ by 88.5%, 49.3%, 97.2%, and 99.8%, respectively, relative to those of the cells treated with LPS alone. LRCC5314 also inhibited adipogenesis in differentiating preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cells), showing a 14.7% decrease in lipid droplet levels and a 74.0% decrease in triglyceride levels, as well as distinct reductions in the mRNA expression levels of adiponectin, FAS, PPAR/γ, C/EBPα, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, LRCC5314 reduced the level of cortisol, a hormone with important effect on stress, by approximately 35.6% in H295R cells. L. plantarum LRCC5314 is identified as a new probiotic with excellent in vitro multifunctional properties. Subsequent in vivo studies may further demonstrate its potential as a functional food or pharmabiotic.