• 복식
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• 제36권
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• pp.219-238
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• 1998

For the purpose of this Study, the situation of Korean costume properties in the collection of overseas museums was investigated through correspondence, interviews with their curators and persons in charge and survey. As results were made about the situation of museum science (conservation) and practical utilization of costume properties. So, the study result were drawn as follows : Krean costume properties unexplaind of 'Korean cultural Properties' could be found in the Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York(135 pieces), the Brooklyn Museum of New York(20 pieces), the Newark Museum of New Jersey(15 pieces), and the Victoria Albert Museum of London(100 pieces). Korean costume properties in the collection of over-seas museums mostly fall under the rang of period between the 19th century and the early 20th century and are classified into everyday clothing, wedding costume and armors for the most part. In 1900s, museum in several countries began to collected Korean cultural properties through foreign missionaries or diplomats as well as merchants or travellers in who bought Korean objects. Recently, scholars, traditional Korean costume designerss and diplomatic and consular offices in overseas have donated our Korean costume to many foreign museums. Korean costume properties were largely on display in the dependent display of folklore museums or in a part of exhibition gallery for Asian culture and there were the separate exhibition rooms in museums in the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Japan and the United States America. But the size and level of display room for Korean cultural properties is one third as large as that for chinese or Japanese cultual properties. It was found in this study that the traditional Korean costume in the collection of overseas museums was largely recorded only as general items rather than given their proper names. The typical example of misnaming included bridal's Kimono for Wonsam(원삼) in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yeonroksaek-bumunsajeokori for Dangeui(당의) and Jissan-gryongwonmunsadurumagi for Kongdali(동달이) in the Okura collection of the Tokyo National Museum, and so on. And the Victoria Albert Museum modified the way of wearing Daenim(대님) and the National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka seemed to misplace the ornament of Keanggi(댕기) on Mubok(무복) and Josunjuk(조선족: Chinese-Korean) Museum also misplace hansam(한삼). On the one hand, the Newark museum of New Jersey mixed Chinese armor with the Korean one and the Photohraph of King Kojong(고종) with Chinese one. It is corrected to publish and disseminate the book concering Korean costume in order to inform foreign museums of thed proper names and wearing method of our traditional costumed. The repair of costume before cleaning in the process of conservation treatment can prevent damage likely to occur as the properties of fiber itself are weakened in liquid. It is recommended that western 8-figure stitch and tacking stitch is added to Korean traditional stitching method. Museums in the U.S.A and the U.K are concerned about the aftermath of cleaning it-self, specially conservation treatment may exert on remains and predominantly use the vacuuming method to remove dust or bits of straw before the exhibition beings. But in case of Korea, the dry cleaning and wet cleaning method are used according to the nature and state of a sample costume. This comprehensive cleaning method is gradually developing scientifically but it is expected that those concerned will make a chemical analysis of the solvent to be used and also the more precise test of costume properties will be conducted before cleaning them. A partial study was made here because the scope of study was too broad and vast. It is expected that more studies will be conducted concerning our costume culture under the long-term plan and active support at the government level.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.71-86
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• 1983

현재(現在) WSD로 설계(設計)되고 있는 우리 나라 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 옹벽구조물(擁壁構造物)에 있어서 가장 보편적으로 사용되고 있는 캔틸레버 옹벽(擁壁)의 안정해석(安定解析) 및 각부설계(各部設計)를 보다 합리적(合理的)이며 확률적(確率的)인 신뢰성(信賴性) 이론(理論)을 도입하여 신뢰성(信賴性) 모델에 따른 안정해석(安定解析) 및 각부설계(各部設計)에 대한 신뢰성(信賴性) 설계규준(設計規準)을 LRFD에 의거하여 제안(提案)하고, 또 안정해석(安定解析)의 공칭안전율(公稱安全率)에 대한 이론적(理論的)인 근거를 제시(提示)하는 것이 본(本) 연구(硏究)의 주요내용(主要內容)이다. 신뢰성(信賴性) 이론(理論)에 의해 안정해석(安定解析) 및 각부설계(各部設計)에 대한 한계상태방정식(限界狀態方程式)을 유도하고, Coulomb의 주동토압계수(主動土壓係數), Hansen의 지지력공식(支持力公式)을 사용하여 Cornell의 MFOSM에 의해 불확실량(不確實量) 산정(算定)의 알고리즘을 유도하였으며 그에 따른 불확실량수준(不確實量水準)은 우리 나라의 현실(現實)을 고려한 적절한 값으로 제안(提案)하였다. 현행(現行) R.C. 옹벽설계규준(擁壁設計規準)에 따라 Calibration 하므로서 목표신뢰성지수(目標信賴性指數)${\beta}_0$를 다음과 같이 선택하고(전도(轉倒): ${\beta}_0$=4.0, 골동(滑動): ${\beta}_0$=3.5, 지지력(支持力): ${\beta}_0$=3.0, 휨: ${\beta}_0$=3.0, 전단(剪斷): ${\beta}_0$=3.2), 이 ${\beta}_0$에 대응하는 하중(荷重) 및 저항계수(抵抗係數)를 산정(算定)하였으며, 안정해석(安定解析)에 대한 현행(現行) 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 표준시방서(標準示方書)의 안전율(安全率)을 검토한 결과 다음과 같은 값이 적절하다는 것을 알았다(전도(轉倒): 1.8, 골동(滑動): 1.9, 지지력(支持力): 3.6). 또한 현행(現行) WSD R.C. 옹벽(擁壁)의 설계규준(設計規準)을 위해 신뢰성(信賴性)에 의한 공칭안전율(公稱安全率)과 허용응력(許容應力)을 제안(提案)하였다. 그리고 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 제안(提案)하는 R.C. 옹벽(擁壁)의 LRFD 신뢰성(信賴性) 설계규준(設計規準)을 현행(現行) R.C. 표준시방서(標準示方書)의 설계규준(設計規準)에 대응(對應)하는 설계규준(設計規準)으로 도입함이 바람직하다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.79-112
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• 2000

본 연구는 서비스산업의 확대와 노동유연성 추구라는 유사한 환경을 겪고 있는 일본과 대만에서 시간제 고용의 활성화와 여성화 현상이 매우 대조적임에 주목하였다. 즉 일본에서는 시간제 고용의 활성화와 여성화가 매우 활발히 진행되었고 대만은 전혀 그 렇지 않은 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 유사한 문화권의 두 나라가 시간제 고용을 중심으로 이렇게 대조적인 이유와 이는 양국의 여성 노동공급과 어떠한 연관성이 있는가를 살펴보는데 있다. 본 연구의 발견은 첫째, 시간제 고용을 둘러싼 일본과 대만의 현상을 시간제 \`활성화\` 와 \`비활성화\`로 요약한다면, 이는 가사와 육아의 부담으로 인한 여성의 \`자발적 선택\`이라는 개인주의적 접근보다는 노동시장의 구조적 특성, 자본주의와 가부장제의 합작품, 그리고 국가의 복지 및 가족정책을 강조하는 구조주의적 접근으로 설명이 가능함을 보여주었다. 특히 노동시장분절론과 노동유연성론은 유용한 설명틀을 제공하였다. 둘째, 여성의 노동공급에 있어서의 일본과 대만의 차이도 노동시장의 구조와 가족의 대응에서 그 해답을 찾을 수 있었다. 일본의 대기업 위주인 그리고 엄격히 분절적인 노동시장의 구조는 시간제 활성화와 여성화를 확대시켰고, 대만의 소(가족)기업 위주인 느슨한 그리고 덜 분절적인 노동시장은 한편으로는 기혼여성의 지속적인 정규직 취업을 용이하게 하였고 다른 한편으로는 비공식 고용의 여지를 남겨 놓아, 시간제가 확대될 필요가 없었다. 그러므로 본 연구는 서비스산업의 확대와 노동유연성의 추구라는 유사한 환경변화에 대하여 국가별고 다른 적응과 대응방식이 가능함을 보여 주었다. 특히 대만의 사례는 비공식 노동시장의 중요성을 인식시켜 주었으며, 비공식 노동시장의 현존이 산업화가 덜 되어서가 아니라, 노동시장의 특성상 중요하여 하청망을 통한 다품종 소량생산 이라는 산업화 전락의 일환일 수도 있음을 보여 주었다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제1호
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• pp.351-370
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• 1997

This study concerns possible measures to prevent separatists' terrorist acts against overseas Korean businessmen. Of late, many Korean enterprises are helping a number of foreign countries develop their economy, by building factories and manning regional offices in those countries. But recent development of terrorism especially against Korean businessmen is alarming. This report discusses the need for Korean enterprises heading overseas to prepare themselves with awareness of terrorism and possible protective measures against it, besides their routine pursuance of profits; and for the government and prospective enterprises to refrain from investing in those countries having active separatist movements. If an investment has become inevitable, a careful survey of the region in conflict should be conducted and self-protective measures should be put in place through security information exchange, emergency coordination and training of personnel, etc. This study will first review the past terrorist incidents involving employees of overseas Korean enterprises, and then will focuss on seeking effective measures on the basis of the reported incidents. In carrying out the study, related literature from both home and abroad have been used along with the preliminary materials reported and known on the Internet from recent incidents. 1. The separatist movements of minority groups Lately, minority separatist groups are increasingly resorting to terrorism to draw international attention with the political aim of gaining extended self rule or independence. 2. The state of terrorism against overseas Korean enterprises and Koreans Korean enterprises are now operating businesses, and having their own personnel stationed, in 85 countries including those in South East Asia and Middle East regions. In Sri Lanka, where a Korean enterprise recently became a target of terrorist bombing, there are 75 business firms from Korea and some 700 Korean employees are stationed as of August 1996. A total of 19 different terrorist incidents have taken place against Koreans abroad since 1990. 3. Terrorism preventive measures Terrorism preventive measures are discussed in two ways: measures by the government and by the enterprises. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by the government - Possible measures at governmental level can include collection and dissemination of terrorist activity information. Emphasis should be given to the information on North Korean activities in particular. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by individual enterprises - Organizational security plan must be established by individual enterprises and there should also be an increase of security budget. A reason for reluctant effort toward positive security plan is the perception that the security budget is not immediately linked to an increment of profit gain. Ensuring safety for overseas personnel is a fundamental obligation of an enterprise. Consultation and information exchange on security plan, and an emergency support system at a threat to security must be sought after and implemented. 4. Conclusion Today's terrorism varies widely depending on reasons and causes, and its means has become increasingly informationalized and scientific as well while its method is becoming more clandestine and violent. Terrorist organizations are increasingly aiming at enterprises for acquisition of budgets needed for their activities. Korean enterprises have extended their business realm to foreign countries since 1970, exposing themselves to terrorism. Enterprises and their employees, therefore, should establish their own security measures on the one hand while the government must provide general measures, on the other, for the protection of the life and property of Korean residents abroad from terrorist attacks. In this regard, set-up of a counter terrorist organization that coordinates the efforts of government authorities in various levels in planning and executing counter terrorist measures is desired. Since 1965, when the hostile North Korea began to step up its terrorist activities against South Koreans, there have been 7 different occasions of assassination attempt on South Korean presidents and some 500 cases of various kidnappings and attempted kidnappings. North Korea, nervous over the continued economic growth and social stabilization of South Korea, is now concentrating its efforts in the destruction and deterioration of the national power of South Korea for its earlier realization of reunification by force. The possibility of North Korean terrorism can be divided into external terrorist acts and internal terrorist acts depending on the nationality of the terrorists it uses. The external terrorist acts include those committed directly by North Korean agents in South Korea and abroad and those committed by dissident Koreans, hired Korean residents, or international professionals or independent international terrorists bought or instigated by North Korea. To protect the life and property of Korean enterprises and their employees abroad from the threat of terrorism, the government's administrative support and the organizational efforts of enterprises should necessarily be directed toward the planning of proper security measures and training of employees. Also, proper actions should be taken against possible terrorist acts toward Korean business employees abroad as long as there are ongoing hostilities from minority groups against their governments.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.31-57
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• 1991

본 연구는 과잉투자(過剩投資)나 과당경쟁(過當競爭)이 발생할 수 있는 객관적인 기준과 경제적 조건들을 분석하고, 정부규제(政府規制)의 근거로서 제시되는 과잉투자(過剩投資)-과당경쟁(過當競爭)의 개념과 논리의 타당성 및 이에 대한 정책적(政策的) 대응방향(對應方向)을 검토하였다. 본고(本稿)에서 필자(筆者)들은 유지불가능한 자연독점의 경우를 제외하면 시장수요(市場需要)의 사전적(事前的) 불확실성(不確實性)으로 인해 발생하는 사후적(事後的) 설비부족(設備不足)이나 유휴설구(遊休設構)는 발생할 수 있지만, 투자시점에서의 과잉투자는 발생할 수 없음을 모형의 분석을 통해 보였다. 설비투자 완료후 생산(生産)-판매단계(販賣段階)에서 유휴설비가 발생하였을 경우에 정부(政府)가 경쟁을 제한할 수 있다는 예상이 오히려 과잉설비투자를 초래하는 중요한 원인임을 보이고, 일관성 있는 정부불개입정책(政府不介入政策)의 유지가 과잉설비투자를 억제하는 최선의 정책임을 보였다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.305-315
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• 1998

흰쥐에 있어서 가령에 따라 하악과두에 가해지는 기계적 부하의 변화에 따라 하악과두 섬유층의 미세구조적 변화를 관찰, 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 하악과두 섬유층의 세포는 생후 초기에는 미분화간엽세포 및 섬유모세포로 구성되어 있었다. 가령에 따라 생후 14일, 27일군 등에서는 생후 초기에 비해 교원원섬유를 활발하게 합성, 분비하는 것으로 생각되는 섬유모세포가 발달하였는데 이들 세포는 과립형 물질로 채워져 있는 내강이 대단히 확장되어 있으며, 리보솜이 치밀하게 존재하는 과립세포질세망과 골지장치가 발달되어 있었다. 또한 이들 세포내에는 세포소기관 사이에 세사가 점차로 발달하는 양상을 보였다. 생후 55일군 이후에서는, 가늘고 긴 세포돌기를 가지며, 과립세포질세망 및 골지장치가 발달되어 있어 교원섬유의 합성이 왕성한 것으로 추측되는 세포, 약간 둥글거나 다각형의 모양을 보이며, 세포질내에 사립체, 용해소체 및 골지장치가 발달하였으며, 손상된 교원섬유 혹은 변성된 세포의 흡수에 관여하는 것으로 추측되는 세포, 세포질의 상당부분이 세사로 채워져 있으며, 사립체, 용해소체 및 과립세포질내세망과 같은 세포질내 소기관은 잘 발달되어 있지 않아 가해진 기계적 자극에 대해 적응하였거나 활동이 정지된 세포 등 3종류의 세포가 관찰되었다. 세포간질의 교원원섬유는 생후 초기부터 가령에 따라 점차로 치밀하게 배열되는 양상을 보였다. 교원원섬유의 직경은 생후 1일, 7일군에서는 $38.48{\pm}3.81nm$, $38.06{\pm}3.86nm$로서 유사하였으나 생후 14일군에서는 $50.21{\pm}3.93nm$로 가장 굵은 양상을 보였으며(p<0.05), 그후 생후 27일, 55일군에서는 각기 $40.05{\pm}2.52nm$, $43.63{\pm}1.20nm$로서 점차로 가늘어져 생후 1년군에서는 $37.38{\pm}2.17nm$로서 가장 가늘어 졌다(p<0.05). 그 분포에 있어서는 생후 초기에는 직경이 30-60인 교원원섬유가 대다수를 차지하는 unimordal한 분포를 보였으나, 생후 27일 이후에는 직경이 작은 교원원섬유가 점차로 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 이상의 가령에 따른 결과로 미루어보아 하악과두 섬유층의 미세구조, 교원원섬유의 배열 및 직경의 분포에서의 변화는 가해지는 기계적 부하에 대한 적응한 결과라고 생각된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2013

Activated magnetite ($Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$) has the capability of decomposing $CO_2$ proportional to the ${\delta}$-value at comparatively low temperature of $300^{\circ}C$. To enhance the $CO_2$ decomposition capability of $Fe_3O_{4-{\delta}}$, $(Fe_{1-x}Co_x)_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ and $(Fe_{1-x}Mn_x)_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ were synthesized and then reacted with $CO_2$. $Fe_{1-x}Co_xC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ powders having Fe to Co mixing ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5 were synthesized by co-precipitation of $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ and $CoSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ solutions with a $(NH_4)_2C_2O_4{\cdot}H_2O$ solution. The same method was used to synthesize $Fe_{1-x}Mn_xC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ powders having Fe to Mn mixing ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5 with a $MnSO_4{\cdot}4H_2O$ solution. The thermal decomposition of synthesized $Fe_{1-x}Co_xC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ and $Fe_{1-x}Mn_xC_2O_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ was analyzed in an Ar atmosphere with TG/DTA. The synthesized powders were heat-treated for 3 hours in an Ar atmosphere at $450^{\circ}C$ to produce activated powders of $(Fe_{1-x}Co_x)_3O_{4-{\delta}}$ and $(Fe_{1-x}Mn_x)_3O_{4-{\delta}}$. The activated powders were reacted with a mixed gas (Ar : 85 %, $CO_2$ : 15 %) at $300^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours. The exhaust gas was analyzed for $CO_2$ with a $CO_2$ gas analyzer. The decomposition of $CO_2$ was estimated by measuring $CO_2$ content in the exhaust gas after the reaction with $CO_2$. For $(Fe_{1-x}Mn_x)_3O_{4-{\delta}}$, the amount of $Mn^{2+}$ oxidized to $Mn^{3+}$ increased as x increased. The ${\delta}$ value and $CO_2$ decomposition efficiency decreased as x increased. When the ${\delta}$ value was below 0.641, $CO_2$ was not decomposed. For $(Fe_{1-x}Co_x)_3O_{4-{\delta}}$, the ${\delta}$ value and $CO_2$ decomposition efficiency increased as x increased. At a ${\delta}$ value of 0.857, an active state was maintained even after 12 hours of reaction and the amount of decomposed $CO_2$ was $52.844cm^3$ per 1 g of $(Fe_{0.5}Co_{0.5})_3O_{4-{\delta}}$.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제8권
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• pp.41-50
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• 1968

산견능률을 향상시키기 위해서는 불결견잠을 방제하는 일이 급선무라 할 수 있다. 그러므로 누에를 생리해부학적인 면에서 그 출현기구를 분석구명하여 이의 방제책을 한 자료로 삼으려 한 것이며 조사 연구내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 견사선에 이상이 없음에도 영견치 않는 누에의 토계부부근의 조직을 검사한 결과 토계관의 기부에 와 있는 신경, 기관 및 근육 등에서 다각체를 발견하였다. 2. 불토사잠중에서 농병에 의하는 것이 차지하는 비율이 상당히 높았다. 3. 5령의 누에에 향식 당일부터 8시간에 걸쳐 농즙을 접종한 결과 결견잠수에 있어서 접종이 늦을수록 많고 불결견잠수는 접종초기와 중기에 있어서는 큰 차가 없었지만 후기에 이르러 감소하는 경향이 있고 사육 및 족중폐잠수는 접종시기가 빠를수록 많았다. 4. 농병의 증세는 농즙 접종후 약 3일전후하여 농잠으로서의 특징을 나타내기 시작하였다. 그리고 농병잠이라하여도 영견능력이 있는 것은 상족직전에 접종된 것 중에서 영견개시후 발병되기 때문에 도중에서 토계불능케 되어 박피 또는 중피견 밖에 영견할 수 없는 것이고 또한 경도의 농병잠은 토계기능의 마비상태가 토계불능까지는 되지 않는 것으로 인정되였다. 5. 원종 교잡종을 합하여 44품종에 걸친 불결견잠 출현경향을 조사한 결과 교잡종에 비하여 원종이 불결견잠의 수가 많았고 원종에서도 일본종계통이 많았다. 6. 불결견잠의 견사선에 있어서는 중부계선에 파동이 많았다. 7. 정상숙잠과 농병불결견잠의 잠체 및 소화기의 크기를 비교한 결과 길이에 있어서는 큰 차 없지만 체건-동체 둘레 및 소화기의 나비에 있어서는 농병불결견잠의 것이 훨씬 컸다. 8. 5령 성식기에 낙하충격을 가한 결과 두부하위낙하보다는 경면하위낙하의 것이 또는 온돌과 마루바닥보다는 시멘트바닥에 낙하된 것이 충격이 컸다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권
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• pp.63-94
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• 2002

On the purpose to suggest an advanced scheme in assessing the domestic wheat quality, this paper reviewed the inspection systems of wheat in major wheat producing countries as well as the quality criteria which are being used in wheat grading and classification. Most wheat producing countries are adopting both classifications of class and grade to provide an objective evaluation and an official certification to their wheat. There are two main purposes in the wheat classification. The first objectives of classification is to match the wheat with market requirements to maximize market opportunities and returns to growers. The second is to ensure that payments to glowers aye made on the basis of the quality and condition of the grain delivered. Wheat classes has been assigned based on the combination of cultivation area, seed-coat color, kernel and varietal characteristics that are distinctive. Most reputable wheat marketers also employ a similar approach, whereby varieties of a particular type are grouped together, designed by seed coat colour, grain hardness, physical dough properties, and sometimes more precise specification such as starch quality, all of which are genetically inherited characteristics. This classification in simplistic terms is the categorization of a wheat variety into a commercial type or style of wheat that is recognizable for its end use capabilities. All varieties registered in a class are required to have a similar end-use performance that the shipment be consistent in processing quality, cargo to cargo and year to year, Grain inspectors have historically determined wheat classes according to visual kernel characteristics associated with traditional wheat varieties. As well, any new wheat variety must not conflict with the visual distinguishability rule that is used to separate wheats of different classes. Some varieties may possess characteristics of two or more classes. Therefore, knowledge of distinct varietal characteristics is necessary in making class determinations. The grading system sets maximum tolerance levels for a range of characteristics that ensure functionality and freedom from deleterious factors. Tests for the grading of wheat include such factors as plumpness, soundness, cleanliness, purity of type and general condition. Plumpness is measured by test weight. Soundness is indicated by the absence or presence of musty, sour or commercially objectionable foreign odors and by the percentage of damaged kernels that ave present in the wheat. Cleanliness is measured by determining the presence of foreign material after dockage has been removed. Purity of class is measured by classification of wheats in the test sample and by limitation for admixtures of different classes of wheat. Moisture does not influence the numerical grade. However, it is determined on all shipments and reported on the official certificate. U.S. wheat is divided into eight classes based on color, kernel Hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes are Durum, Hard Red Spring, Hard Red Winter, Soft Red Winter, Hard White, soft White, Unclassed and Mixed. Among them, Hard Red Spring wheat, Durum wheat, and Soft White wheat are further divided into three subclasses, respectively. Each class or subclass is divided into five U.S. numerical grades and U.S. Sample grade. Special grades are provided to emphasize special qualities or conditions affecting the value of wheat and are added to and made a part of the grade designation. Canadian wheat is also divided into fourteen classes based on cultivation area, color, kernel hardness and varietal characteristics. The classes have 2-5 numerical grades, a feed grade and sample grades depending on class and grading tolerance. The Canadian grading system is based mainly on visual evaluation, and it works based on the kernel visual distinguishability concept. The Australian wheat is classified based on geographical and quality differentiation. The wheat grown in Australia is predominantly white grained. There are commonly up to 20 different segregations of wheat in a given season. Each variety grown is assigned a category and a growing areas. The state governments in Australia, in cooperation with the Australian Wheat Board(AWB), issue receival standards and dockage schedules annually that list grade specifications and tolerances for Australian wheat. AWB is managing "Golden Rewards" which is designed to provide pricing accuracy and market signals for Australia's grain growers. Continuous payment scales for protein content from 6 to 16% and screenings levels from 0 to 10% based on varietal classification are presented by the Golden Rewards, and the active payment scales and prices can change with market movements.movements.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.554-564
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• 1996

페롭스카이트 $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3$(x=0.00, 0.01, 0.10, 0.20, 0.35, 및 0.50)를 산소전극물질로 사용하여 알칼리형 연료전지에서의 산소환원반응을 연구하였다. Fe치환에 따른 촉매특성의 변화를 X-선회절분석법(XRD), 열중량분석법(TG) 및 승온환원법(TPR)을 통하여 조사하였다. XRD 구조분석을 통하여 페롭스카이트 단위격자의 격자상수값을 측정할 수 있었다. TG 실험결과 Fe는 페롭스카이트 구조내에서 크게 안정화되어 $900^{\circ}C$까지 거의 환원되지 않았고, Fe치환량 증가에 따라 Co-O간의 결합에너지가 증가하여 고온에서 제거되는 산소종의 양이 증가하였다. TPR 실험결과, ${\alpha}$-(저온피크)와 ${\beta}$-(고온피크)산소종이 존재하였다. ${\beta}$-산소종은 Co와 강하게 결합되어 있는 산소종으로서 Fe치환량 증가에 따라 결합세기가 증가하였다. ${\alpha}$-산소종은 가역적으로 격자내외를 출입하는 산소환원반응의 활성종이었으며, Fe치환량 증가에 따른 격자상수의 증가는 금속과 ${\alpha}$-산소종간의 결합에너지로 볼 수 있는 ${\alpha}$산소종의 환원피크를 저온으로 이동시킴으로써 산소환원반응의 활성을 증가시켰다. 반면에, Fe치환량 증가에 따른 ${\alpha}$-산소종의 감소는 산소환원반응의 활성을 감소시켰으며, Fe치환에 따른 표면적의 증가는 반응활성에 크게 영향을 미치지 못하였다.