• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.47-53
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• 2014

Effective treatment and energy conversion technologies are necessary due to the ban of the dumping of organic waste including the sewage sludge. In this study, the kinetics of pyrolysis and combustion were derived in a TGA and thermobalance reactor, which is essential for thermal conversion of sewage sludge to energy. Three steps are shown for the pyrolysis in TGA and the different pre-exponential factors and activation energies are derived depending on the temperature range. Three models of gassolid reaction were applied to the reaction kinetics analysis for the combustion of sewage sludge char and shrinking core model was an appropriated model. Apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor were evaluated and the effect of oxygen partial pressure was examined.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2015

Reduced forms of iron, such as zero-valent ion (ZVI) and ferrous ion (Fe[II]), can activate dissolved oxygen in water into reactive oxidants capable of oxidative water treatment. The corrosion of ZVI (or the oxidation of (Fe[II]) forms a hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) intermediate and the subsequent Fenton reaction generates reactive oxidants such as hydroxyl radical ($^{\bullet}OH$) and ferryl ion (Fe[IV]). However, the production of reactive oxidants is limited by multiple factors that restrict the electron transfer from iron to oxygen or that lead the reaction of $H_2O_2$ to undesired pathways. Several efforts have been made to enhance the production of reactive oxidants by iron-induced oxygen activation, such as the use of iron-chelating agents, electron-shuttles, and surface modification on ZVI. This article reviews the chemistry of oxygen activation by ZVI and Fe(II) and its application in oxidative degradation of organic contaminants. Also discussed are the issues which require further investigation to better understand the chemistry and develop practical environmental technologies.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

Hatching occurred in the time dependent manners and strictly controlled. Although, the hatching processes are under the control of muti-embryotrophic factors and the expressed G proteins of cell generate integrated activation, the knowledge which GPCRs are expressed during hatching stage embryos are very limited. In the present study, which G proteins are involved was examined during blastocyst development to the hatching stage. The early-, expanded-, and lobe-stage blastocysts were treated with various $G_{\alpha}$ activators and H series inhibitors, and examined developmental patterns. Pertusis toxin (PTX) improved the hatching rate of the early-stage blastocyst and lobe-formed embryos. Cholera toxin (CTX) suppressed the hatching of the early-stage blastocyst and expanded embryos. The effects of toxins on hatching and embryo development were changed by the H7 and H8. These results mean that PTX mediated GPCRs activation is signaling generator in the nick or pore formation in the ZP. In addition, PTX mediated GPCR activation induces the locomotion of trophectoderm for the escaping. CTX mediate GPCRs activation is the cause of suppression of hatching processes. Based on these data, it is suggested that various GPCRs are expressed in the periimplantation stage embryos and the integration of the multiple signals decoding of various signals in a spatial and temporal manner regulate the hatching process.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.196-201
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• 2003

The mixture (PM) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fermented rice bran on the activation of macrophage and bone marrow cell proliferation was studied in mice. PM stimulated not only the activation of macrophage (1.8-fold of saline) but also IL-6 production from macrophage (1.5-fold) at 2.0 g/㎏/day during 7 days of oral administration. By the culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells from C3H/HeJ mice fed PM at 2.0 g/㎏/day for 7 days, the bone marrow cells significantly proliferated compared with that of mice receiving only saline (1.7-fold). In addition, the contents of GM-CSF and IL-6 in the culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells from mice fed PM at 2.0 g/㎏/day were increased in comparison with those from the control (1.8 and 1.4-fold, respectively). These results revealed that oral administration of PM may modulate IL-6 production to induce the activation of macrophage, and also enhance secretion of hematopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF and IL-6 from Peyer's patch cells.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.171-211
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• 2009

Because Korea has the excellent informational technology, it was expected to be able to improve the accessibility to healthcare and compete with other nations in excellence through u-Healthcare. But we can't complete the excellent u-Healthcare because of the law to be able to use only the tele-counselling between doctor to doctor or doctor to nurse. First of all, we must complete the law to be able to use the improved u-Health containing of telemedicine between doctor to patient. Though other factors, the procurement of safe IT, the credibility to healthcare service provider containing of nutritionist and occupational therapist etc. are prepared for erecting u-Healthcare, we can get the final and decisive u-Health policy only by means of Law for supporting u-Healthcare's Activation. The important sections of Law for supporting u-Healthcare's Activation are as follows. Sec. 4 The Minister for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs and the dean of associated administrative division have to erect the combined plan for u-Healthcare's Activation. Sec. 11 Government and local autonomous entity can support the facility and equipment to be necessitated for using u-Healthcare to improve the medical accessibility of person in the region with poor medicine. Sec. 13 Doctor can support other doctor's medical action through IT and if there are not medical risk, doctor can give medical act directly to the special patients. Sec. 21 If pharmaceuticals is necessitated in u-Healthcare, remote doctor has to send the patient the electronic prescription and the pharmaceutist to receive the electronic prescription has to delivery the pharmaceuticals in accordance with patient's demand.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.103-116
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• 2021

Analysis of runoff is substantial for effective water management in the watershed. Runoff occurs by reaction of a watershed to the rainfall and has non-linearity and uncertainty due to the complex relation of weather and watershed factors. ANN (Artificial Neural Network), which learns from the data, is one of the machine learning technique known as a proper model to interpret non-linear data. The performance of ANN is affected by the ANN's structure, the number of hidden layer nodes, learning rate, and activation function. Especially, the activation function has a role to deliver the information entered and decides the way of making output. Therefore, It is important to apply appropriate activation functions according to the problem to solve. In this paper, ANN models were constructed to estimate runoff with different activation functions and each model was compared and evaluated. Sigmoid, Hyperbolic tangent, ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit), ELU (Exponential Linear Unit) functions were applied to the hidden layer, and Identity, ReLU, Softplus functions applied to the output layer. The statistical parameters including coefficient of determination, NSE (Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency), NSEln (modified NSE), and PBIAS (Percent BIAS) were utilized to evaluate the ANN models. From the result, applications of Hyperbolic tangent function and ELU function to the hidden layer and Identity function to the output layer show competent performance rather than other functions which demonstrated the function selection in the ANN structure can affect the performance of ANN.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2019

The construction of a "cold-chain cluster," which is a complex of cold-storage warehouses is emerging as an issue in the logistics industry. The Incheon Port Authority, in partnership with Korea Gas Corporation, is carrying out a project to build a cold-storage cluster using cold energy generated in the Songdo LNG receiving terminal. This study proposes a method of activating the cold-storage cluster using the CFPR methodology. An analysis of major factors showed that the most important factor was stability and profitability, which scored 0.281. For sub-factors, sustainable trade volume was the highest in importance, followed by rent level, the sustainability of LNG cold energy utilization technology, competition with general cold-storage warehouses, and exclusion of duplicate investments in facilities. For the future study, the evaluation of complex of cold-storage warehouses using major factors drawn out from this study is needed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.703-706
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• 1997

Response surface method was applied to the predicting optimum conditions of benzene synthesis for radiocarbon dating. The weight of carbon dioxide, the temperature of lithium container for producing acetylene and the activation temperature of catalyst which was used for the cyclization of acetylene to benzene were used as experimental factors. The yields of benzene synthesis were measured from twelve experiments which were carried out under various experimental conditions. The polynomial equation was obtained by using three experimental factors and yields. The validity of polynomial equation was confirmed by comparing the calculated yields with the experimental ones.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.17-44
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to present a plan on the effect of non-face-to-face services on library anxiety facilities by analyzing the library anxiety factors of university library users. To this end, we look at the cases of university library user service response activities in response to the COVID-19 crisis and select 40 schools with the highest number of library visitors per student from among domestic four-year university libraries with 5,000 or more and less than 10,000 students. Methods of information service and program cases were analyzed, and K-LAS was reconstructed and surveyed for current students using the K university library, and frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were applied to analyze the library anxiety factors of users. Identify the relationship between 5 library anxiety factors and non-face-to-face service activation factors, such as physical/environmental factors of the library, data search selection factors, digital information system factors, librarian (staff) factors, and psychological/emotional factors, and activate non-face-to-face services. The influence of these factors on library anxiety factors was examined, and as a result, it was found that non-face-to-face service activation factors had the greatest influence on library digital information system anxiety factors. Based on the analysis results, it was attempted to derive a plan to relieve users' library anxiety by activating non-face-to-face services.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.159-180
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• 2017

The rapid development of information technology has affected many industries, and made consumers receive new services that are completely different from those of the past. In the financial industry, various changes are taking place, such as providing the payment system which is easy to use and offering differentiated services. This study examined the factors affecting the intention to use mobile payment system. In particular, we considered both practical and emotional factors that affect the intentions. The mobile payment system, which is a new form of payment, is rapidly developing in China. In Korea, it is still in the beginning stage due to the legal regulations and the activation of alternative payment methods. This study, therefore, compared the differences in factors that affect the intention to use mobile payment system between Korea and China.