• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 2001

Resistance mechanisms in the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) resistant to imidacloprid were investigated. Imidacloprid residues on the aphid integuments decreased slowly as time passed with no significant difference between the susceptible and resistant strains. Residue in the aphid body increased in both strains with time elapse, and was slightly more in the susceptible strain. A higher metabolic rate of imidacloprid in the resistant strain can be expected by the fact that more amount of imidacloprid were excreted in the resistant strain than in the susceptible one. The activity of AChE was higher 1.4 times in the resistant strain than in the susceptible one, and imidacloprid did not inhibit AChE at all in both strains. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and iprobenfos (IBP) synergized imidacloprid activity. The mixtures of imidacloprid and PBO (1 : 1 and 1 : 5) caused 69.4- and 250-fold increase of imidacloprid toxicity against the aphid. Insecticide toxicity of the mixtures of IBP and imidacloprid (1 : 1 and 1 : 5) was also increased 227 and 80.6 times. Esterase activity when $\alpha$-naphtyl butyrate and $\beta$-naphtyl acetate were used as substrates was higher in the resistance strain than in the susceptible one. This means that P450 monooxygenase and esterase are responsible for the resistance to imidacloprid in this aphid strain.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.317-328
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• 2018

Cognitive impairment responses are important research topics in the study of degenerative brain diseases as well as in understanding of human mental activities. To compare response to scopolamine (SPL)-induced cognitive impairment, we measured altered parameters for learning and memory ability, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction and neuronal cell damages, in Korl:ICR stock and two commercial breeder stocks (A:ICR and B:ICR) after relevant SPL exposure. In the water maze test, Korl:ICR showed no significant difference in SPL-induced learning and memory impairment compared to the two different ICRs, although escape latency was increased after SPL exposure. Although behavioral assessment using the manual avoidance test revealed reduced latency in all ICR mice after SPL treatment as compared to Vehicle, no differences were observed between the three ICR stocks. To determine cholinergic dysfunction induction by SPL exposure, activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assessed in the three ICR stocks revealed no difference of acetylcholinesterase activity. Furthermore, low levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and high levels of inflammatory cytokines in SPL-treated group were maintained in all three ICR stocks, although some variations were observed between the SPL-treated groups. Neuronal cell damages induced by SPL showed similar response in all three ICR stocks, as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, Nissl staining analysis and expression analyses of apoptosis-related proteins. Thus, the results of this study provide strong evidence that Korl:ICR is similar to the other two ICR. Stocks in response to learning and memory capacity.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.225-235
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• 2018

Phellinus gilvus is a medicinal mushroom used that has been used in folk medicine in Asian countries for centuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-xanthine oxidase, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol (ME) and hot water (HW) extracts prepared from fruiting bodies of Ph. gilvus. ME and HW had good anti-xanthine oxidase (XO) activities compared to allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. ME showed comparable and slightly lower inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively, than galanthamine, a standard AChE and BChE inhibitor. ME also showed a protective effect against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity at 40 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL in PC-12 cells. ME (0.5~2.0 mg/mL) significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Carrageenan-induced hind-paw edema in rats was significantly reduced 2~6 hr after treatment with 50 mg/kg of ME, which was comparable to administration of 5 mg/kg of indomethacin, the positive control. These results demonstrate that ME and HW of Ph. gilvus fruiting bodies possess good anti-xanthine oxidase, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-inflammatory activities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2004

This study was designed to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate(EtOAc) fraction of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc) needle on cholesterol and lipofuscin(LF) accumulations, acetylcholine(ACh) and its related enzyme activities such as choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and monoamine oxidase-B(MAO-B) activity, which destroyed the catecholamine related neurotransmitters in brain membranes of Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats. Male SD rats were fed basic diets (control group) and experimental diets (EtOAc-25, EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100) for 45 days. Cholesterol accumulations in mitocholndria and microsomes were significantly inhibited (11.8-12.1% and 9.6-13.0%, respectvely) in EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100 groups. ACh levels and ChAT activities were significantly increased about 10% in membranes of EtOAc-100 group compared with control group. AChE activities were significantly increased about 8 -12% in membranes of EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100 groups compared with control group. MAO-B activities were significantly inhibited about 10% in membrane of EtOAc-l00 group compared with control group. These results suggest that ethyl acetate fraction of pine needle may play an effective role in inhibiting cholesterol and improving a membrane fluidity, and learning and memory impairments. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 95 -99, 2004)

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.182-189
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• 2010

To develop a new functional kimchi with cognition-enhancing properties, black Panax ginseng extract (0.5-5%, w/w) was added to a baechu kimchi preparation and the mixture stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Compared with control kimchi, the L values of ginseng-treated material were significantly decreased, but the a and b values were increased. The hardness value of ginseng-treated kimchi was significantly higher than that of control material from the $20^{th}$ day of storage. The edibility period of baechu kimchi treated with ginseng was prolonged by approximately 15 days compared with control kimchi. This resulted from decreases in the numbers of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts during the final stages of fermentation in ginseng-treated material. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by ginseng-treated kimchi was 2-fold higher than that of control material. A strong ginseng flavor and a bitter taste were evident in kimchi treated with 5% (w/w) ginseng, and sensory quality was thus decreased compared with control material. It was concluded that an appropriate concentration of black ginseng extract was 3% (w/w) in preparation of kimchi with a cognition-enhancing effect.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.509-519
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• 2024

A previous study showed that krill oil improved recognition and memory through anti-oxidative effects in an amyloid β model, but the authors noted that further investigations are necessary of alterations to neurotransmitters' states and of serum lipid profile improvements related to serum lipid peroxidation. Accordingly, in this study, ICR mice were pre-treated intraperitoneally with scopolamine prior to induced neurotransmission impairment, and the effects of krill oil provision on their capabilities of cognition were tested by performing a passive avoidance test (PAT), water maze test (WMT), and novel object recognition test. Then, parameters including the acetylcholine (ACh) concentration, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), lipid peroxidation, serum lipid levels, and nerve cell proliferation were investigated. The results showed that krill oil improved the mice's abilities in recognition and memory as the times taken to complete the PAT and WMT were reduced compared to the mice in a comparison scopolamine-treated group. Krill oil produced an increased concentration of Ach, and this was accompanied by a decrease in AChE. As shown in a scopolamine-treated SH-SY5Y cell line, krill oil reduced the activity of AChE. Moreover, the suppression of lipid peroxidation-reflected in the finding that malondialdehyde was decreased with krill oil provision-is speculated to affect the recorded serum triglyceride and cholesterol decreases and LDL cholesterol increase. The intake of krill oil was also found to produce an improvement in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression by stimulating the activation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein in the brain tissue. Overall, the current results imply that the provision of krill oil raises the cognition and memory by elevating neurotransmitters and by improving the serum lipid profile and nerve cell proliferation, which occur as lipid peroxidation is suppressed in the brain tissue.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Objective : This study was designed to examine the effects of orally administered Prunus persica water extract (PPE), which is used as herbal medicine, for treatment of Yu Xue (stasis of blood) and tacrine on the basal concentration of extracellular acetylcholine in the hippocampus of rats. Methods: To investigate the effects of PPE and tacrine on concentration of extracellular acetylcholine in the hippocampus of rats, the microdialysis technique, under the same experimental conditions, was used. And we used male Wistar rats which were 7 weeks of age and 210-290 g. PPE was extracted with boiling water, and the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital Na. Their skulls were exposed and a hole was drilled for implantation of a microdialysis probe. In order to increase the recovery of acetylcholine, a probe with a long membrane was used. One day after surgery, the microdialysis probe was perfused with Ringer's solution at a flow rate of 1.5 l/min. The acetylcholine concentration in dialysis samples was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. AChE activity was measured using the radiometric method, as described by Sherman. Results : The comparative effects of PPE and tacrine on hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine concentration was that these cholinesterase inhibitors produced dose-dependent increases in the extracellular acetylcholine concentration. And the effect of PPE and tacrine on rat brain AChE activity was that PPE produced maximal inhibition at 1 h after administration, when AChE activity was 44% of the intact level. AChE activity gradually recovered thereafter, and reached 78% of the intact level at 12 h after administration. Conclusion : In this study, PPE has a potent activity and a long-lasting effect on the central cholinergic system, in terms of the basal concentration of extracellular acetylcholine in the hippocampus and the AChE activity in the brain of rats. And oral administration of PPE increased dose-dependently the basal concentration of extracellular acetylcholine in the hippocampus of rats. PPE may be one of the more useful cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• CELLMED
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.11.1-11.6
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• 2014

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) is a tropical evergreen tree of Lauraceae family. It is one of the oldest culinary spices known and used traditionally in many cultures for centuries. In addition to its culinary uses, cinnamon also possesses as a folk remedy of many health disease condition including analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, haemostatic, insecticidal, and parasiticide and memory enhancing property. This study was aimed to assess the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of standardized methanol extract of the C. zeylanicum. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were done to identify the presence of eugenol as chemical component and support the neuroprotective activity in the extract. Anticholinesterase inhibitory activity of crude methanol extract of C. zeylanicum leaves and cinnamon oil were evaluated by 96-well microtiter plate assay and thin layer chromatography bioassay detection methods. This study revealed that cinnamon oil ($IC_{50}:45.88{\pm}1.94{\mu}g/ml$) has better anticholinesterase activity than methanol extract ($IC_{50}:77.78{\pm}0.03{\mu}g/ml$). In HPLC analysis, retention time of eugenol in cinnamon oil was found to be 15.81 min which was comparable with the retention time (15.99 min) of the reference standard, eugenol. Seven chemical compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis, in which eugenol as an important phytoconstituents. Thus the phytochemicals from C. zeylanicum methanol leaves extract could be developed as potential source of anticholinesterase activity, with particular benefit in the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of yellow and white bitter yams from South Western Nigeria using methanolic extraction and simulated gastrointestinal digestion models. The phenolic compounds in the bitter yam varieties were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The total phenolic content of the bitter yams was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, reductive potential by assessing the ability of the bitter yam to reduce $FeCl_3$ solution, and the antioxidant activities were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical ($DPPH^{\cdot}$) scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation ($ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$) scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical ($NO^{\cdot}$) scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and ability to inhibit $Fe^{2+}$-induced lipid oxidation. The HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of some phenolic compounds in the studied bitter yam varieties, with varying degree of quantitative changes after cooking. The antioxidant indices (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, reducing power, $DPPH^{\cdot}$ scavenging activity, $ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$ scavenging activity, and $NO^{\cdot}$ scavenging activity) were higher in the simulated gastrointestinal digestion model compared to the methanolic extract, with the in vitro digested cooked white bitter yam ranking higher. Similarly, the in vitro digested yams had a higher inhibitory action against lipid oxidation compared to the methanolic extracts, with the cooked white bitter yam ranking high. The methanolic extracts and in vitro enzyme digests showed no acetylcholinesterase inhibitory abilities, while methanolic extracts and the in vitro enzyme digest displayed some level of butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Therefore the studied bitter yams could be considered as possible health supplements.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.742-750
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• 2021

Ixeris repens is a type of halophyte that grows in high salinity sands found in coastal sand dunes and sandy shores. This study was conducted to investigate the contents, antioxidant potency, and physiological activities of I. repens. In analyses of general composition, carbohydrate, protein, ash, and moisture content were 57.42%, 10.48%, 11.99% and 10.29%, respectively. Potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium were its most prevalent minerals. The solvents used to extract I. repens were 70% ethanol, 80% methanol, and distilled water. Among the resultant extracts, ethanol and methanol extracts displayed higher total polyphenol and flavonoid contents than the water extract. ABTS (IC50, 0.12 mg/mL) and FRAP (0.77 mM) radical scavenging activity were highest in the water extract, while methanol extract exhibited the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50, 1.32 mg/mL), NO scavenging activity (IC50, 4.10 mg/mL), and reducing power (EC50, 0.14 mg/mL). Tyrosinase, elastase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were highest in the ethanol extract. The ethanol extract also possessed the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. These results indicate that I. repens may be useful as an antioxidant, and a functional substance in food and pharmaceutical materials.