• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.81-92
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• 1998

Lately public interest in tree saps of maple and birch trees has been increased for sap drink as a natural medical beverage. To ensure tree sap drink for commercial production, species which are available in resources, their ecological regeneration characteristics in the natural forest stand, and tree sap resources should be investigated. Species for the collecting tree saps and their distribution were surveyed in the areas of Mt.Sobaek, Tanyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do. Mt.Sobaek area was selected to the proper place to survey as the feasible area for tapping tree saps for the natural beverage. Feasible tree species of this area are Betula costata, Betula schmidtii, Comus controversa, Acer mono, and Acer pseudosieboldianum based on the estimated tree sap amounts. Average and maximum species diversities of surveyed area were 4.2 and 5.39, respectively. Its evenness 0.78 referred that there are actively progressing ecological regeneration among diverse tree species. Tree saps are mainly harvested at the areas of upper and lower Wonmanteo. In terms of species, the most high sap amounts were from birch sap, next Comus controversa, the 3rd Acer mono. Many measures were suggested ecologically and technically, for commercial or practical production of tree sap drinks, though Mt.Sobaek area was evaluated as improper place because of geographical and transportational limitation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.349-358
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum condition for sap exudation of Acer mono Max. tree in a site of Mt. Jiri, Hamyang-gun, Korea. Amount of sap exudation, air temperature, relative air humidity, tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and sugar content in sap were monitored during the early springtime, and correlation analysis of several factors was carried out to explain tree-to-tree and date-to-date variations in sap exudation. The correlation, linearlyassociated between DBH and sap amount, was strengthened as daily amount of sap increased, but there was no significant tree-to-tree variation in time and period for sap exudation. When amount of sap exudation was above 10 liter/day, the mean air-temperature was averaged at $1.2{\pm}1.6^{\circ}C$, the minimum at $-4.3{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ and the maximum at $11.8{\pm}1.9^{\circ}C$. The maximum air temperature and mean air temperature were significant (p < 0.05) factors for amount of sap in correlation analysis to explain date-to-date variation in sap exudation. Sucrose content in sap was in the range of 1.5 and 1.7% during exudation days, but sharply reduced to 0.6% level at the end of exudation period.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.262-267
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to research for anti-oxidation and anti-wrinkle effects of Acar mono Sap (AM). To cosmetic effect of AM, safety effect (MTT assay), anti-wrinkle effect (elastase, MMP-1 inhibition assay) and anti-oxidant effect (DPPH assay) were measured. When water extract of AM was used for cell viability, it was over 100% at 6% (6 ml/100 ml in phosphate buffer) concentration. AM showed 45.7% elastase inhibition and 23.7% MMP-1 inhibition at 50% (50 ml/100 ml in phosphate buffer) concentration so that it had good anti-wrinkle characteristic. And AM showed 68.9% antioxidation capacity at 50% concentration by using a DPPH assay. Consequently, AM can be used as natural materials or additives for human skin owing to their beneficial biologic functions, including the anti-wrinkle effect, for cosmetic compositions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.148-152
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• 2013

An ultraviolet (UV) sterilization system was developed to decrease the number of microorganisms in filtered Acer mono sap (FAS). The Acer mono sap (AS) was passed through 18 strips of PTA fluoroplastic tubing with 30 UV lamps (total 1,170 W). During passage, the AS was effectively exposed to the UV rays. The total bacteria, coliform group and fungi were sterilized at a flow rate ranging from 852 to 1,358 mL/min and a UV power higher than 156 W. Although the sensory score of the UV-sterilized AS was significantly lower than that of the untreated AS, the sensory score was better under the condition of 390 W and 852~1,358 mL/min than under the other conditions examined. ANOVA did not reveal a significant difference in pH, total acidity, sugar content and color characteristic under all conditions tested (p<0.05). Considering the overall attributes of the AS quality, the optimum sterilization condition was determined to be 390 W and 852~1,358 mL/min.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.753-758
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• 2011

We investigated the effects of ultra filtration (UF) of Goroshoe (Acer mono Max.) sap collected in March and April. The total bacteria and turbidity of the sap collected in April were higher than in March. However, after UF, the turbidity decreased and bacteria were not detected. The total acidity and total sugar of the sap collected in April were lower than that collected in March. After UF, total acidity and total sugar decreased slightly in sap from both of the collection times. The crude ash and mineral content of the sap collected in April were higher than in March. In particular, the calcium and potassium content of the sap collected in April were 166.38 and 29.47 mg/L, respectively, which was much higher than in March. Again, after UF, the crude ash and mineral content were decreased in the sap from both collection times. We concluded that UF of Goroshoe sap increased its quality regardless of collection time.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.128-131
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• 2005

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.15-20
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• 1992

This study was carried out to improve the method of tapping sap from Betula platyphylla Sukatschev, Betula costata Trautv., Betula schmidtii Regel, Betula davurica Pallas, Betula ermanii Cham, Acer mono Maxim and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum Kom and to use it to natural drinks. The mal or results are as follows: 1. It is no difference of the amount of sap by tapping methods and species of trees. The larger D.B.H. is, the more amount of sap can be gotten. So we thought that the best tapping method is hole-drilling to prevent trees from damage. 2. Sap contains sugars and mineral materials. Birches have glucose and fructose, much more mineral materials than maples. Sugar of maples is mainly sucrose. 3. We assume that mineral materials of birches are effective to urination, to make a stong dody and sucrose of maples is effective to recover from one's fatigue by controlling the blood sugar. 4. In vacuum packing after sterilizing the sap in low temperature, it could be stored more 1 year. So, it is possible that sap will be commercialized.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.399-408
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• 2009

We investigated the improvement of immuno-modulatory activities of sap of Acer mono and A. okamotoanum encapsulated with edible polymers. Anticancer activities and immune activities such as human B and T cell growth, secretion of cytokines and natural killer cell growth were observed. Both human immune B and T cells were increased up to 30~50% by the addition of nano particle sap of Acer mono and A. okamotoanum. The secretion of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) from human immune B and T cells were also significantly increased compare to the control. Natural Killer (NK) cell growth was enhanced to $19.4{\times}10^5$ cells/mL in adding nano encapsulated sap of A.okamotoanum. The cytotoxicity of the sample on normal human lung cell (HEL299) was below 19.8% in adding 1.0 mg/mL of the nano particle sap of A. okamotoanum. Generally, the growth of all three human lung adenocarcinoma, human stomach adenocarcinoma and human liver adenocarcinama was inhibited up to 85% in adding 1.0 mg/mL of the encapsulated sap. Interestingly enough, the encapsulated sap was completely penetrated into human cancer cells within 30 min after addition. It showed that the encapsulation of the sap definitely increased its biological activities, which can expand its use to wide range of food industries.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.391-403
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• 1998

The study was carried out to devise a proper measure to increase the income of mountain villagers by producing sap water of Acer mono, and to make the most of sap water as local specialty to contribute to the local economy of mountain villages. All the processes from collecting to marketing of sap water of Acer mono was investigated. The survey was done from mid-January to mid-February in the 3 major sap water collecting regions, Toji-myon Kurey-gun(Piagol area of Mt. Chiri), Okryong-myon Kwangyang city(Mt. Baekun), and Jookhack-ri Sunchon(Mt. Chokey). A total of 90 householders who collect sap water, to say again, 30 householders in each region, were interviewed personally to make up questionnaires. The habitual or general practices about collecting sap water, the selling price, the sales process, labor power to collect and carry down, carrying distance and facilities, sales income and side income, and family income were investigated and examined. Spots of collecting sap water were not concentrated but scattered all over the collecting area. Collecting method, collecting amount, sales process, and selling price varied with the village and region. Sap water was collected by tapping or boring method, the latter of which was widely used in lots of regions except in Sunchon. Although the amount of sap production per family varied with region, the average amount was about 1,350 liters. Of all the sap water collected, 44% was consumed by drinking of on-the-spot visitors and 36% was sold by order, etc. Sap water was sold at the price varying from 10,000 won to 60,000 won per 18 liters. The average selling price was 41,000 won, but selling prices of 43,000 won and 45,000 wan amounted to 38% and 25%, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.492-496
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• 2009

The composition of the bacterial populations in Gorosoe(Acer mono Max.) sap was characterized during storage with different heat treatments($63^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and $73^{\circ}C$ for 15 sec). The saps were aseptically collected at 0, 15 and 30 days of storage and analyzed by dilution plating and 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE analysis. There were significant differences in the total number of colony forming units(CFUs) of bacteria between heated and nonheated saps. Bacteria of nonheated sap were present at a level of $3.4{\times}10^7CFU/m{\ell}^{-1}$, whereas living bacteria were not detected in the heated sap. According to the 16S rDNA sequence and DGGE analysis, Pseudomonas sp. was the most abundant bacterial strain in the samlpes, and the bacterial community structures become more simplified with time and were composed of the Chryseobacterium sp. with time. These results allowed us to characterize the dominant bacteria involved in Gorosoe sap and to better understand their dynamics throughout storage.