• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2009

Background: Chronic rejection after a cardiac allograft usually occurs about six months after the operation. Vasculopathy due to chronic rejection causes atherosclerosis in the coronary artery of the transplanted heart and then this causes myocardial injury. We intended to discover and document those findings that occur in a transplanted ascending aorta. Material and Method: In rats weighting $200{\sim}300gm$ (Spraque-Dawley rat), we carried out heterotopic heart allo-transplantation with the modified Ono-Lindsey method and then the rats were administrated cyclosporine (10mg/kg/day). After three months survival, we acquired biopsy materials from the native ascending aorta and the allo-transplanted ascending aorta and we compared them. We classified each severity of 1) intimal thickening, 2) medial hyperplasia, 3) medial calcification, 4) medial inflammation and 5) chondroid metaplasia, which are specific biopsy findings for chronic rejection after a cardiac allograft. Each severity was classified, according to the opinion of one pathologist, in the native ascending aorta biopsies (n=9) and the allo-transplanted ascending aorta biopsies (n=13). The data of the control group and the study group were statistically analyzed with using the Mann-Whitney test (SPSS version 12.0 window). Result: The important changes of the allo-transplanted aorta were intimal thickening (p<0.0001), medial calcification (p=0.045), medial inflammation (p<0.0001) and chondroid metaplasia (p=0.045), but not medial hyperplasia (p=0.36). Conclusion: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy was seen in the transplanted ascending aorta, the same as was seen in the coronary artery, after allograft cardiac transplantation. We have reached the conclusion that chronic rejection also progresses in the aorta.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.171-187
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• 2001

Objective : Moxibustion has been proved efficacious for many diseases, but isn't widespread in the clinics due to a danger of skin burning, the smoke produced while burning a moxa combustion and so on. Therefore, another type of moxa that can be resolved these troubles is required. To improve the effect of moxibustion and develop the new thermal stimulating treatment, the performance of commercial moxibustion widely used are studied systematically and found out quantitatively. Methods : We have selected two types (small-size moxa A(sMA), small-size moxa B (sMB)) among small-size moxaes used widely in the clinic. We examined combustion time, various temperatures, temperature gradient in each period during a combustion of moxa. Results : 1. The combustion time in the preheating period appeared somewhat longer in sMA than in sMB. 2, The combustion time in the heating period appeared longer in sMA by 26% than in sMB. 3. The average temperature in the heating period was $37.6{\sim}37.8^{\circ}C\;in\;sMA\;and\;36.2{\sim}36.8^{\circ}C$ in sMB and the maximum temperature measured at a center of contact surface in sMA was $48.6^{\circ}C$, higher by over $2.8^{\circ}C$ than that of sMB moxibustion. 4. The average ascending temperature gradient in the heating period was $0.08{\sim}0.1^{\circ}C/sec$ in both moxaes, and the average ascending temperature gradient of heating period in sMB appeared larger. The maximum ascending temperature gradient appeared higher in sMB, and the time reaching maximum ascending temperature gradient appeared much earlier in sMA than in sMB. 5. The combustion time in the retaining period was around 100 sec in sMA and around 275 sec in sMB. 6. The average temperature in the retaining period was $42.2{\sim}46.0^{\circ}C\;in\;sMA\;and\;39.3{\sim}41.4^{\circ}C/sec$ in sMB. The minimum temperature in the retaining period was over $38.80^{\circ}C$ in sMA but just $34.7^{\circ}C$ in sMB. 7. The average descending temperature gradient in sMA was $-0.050{\sim}0.067^{\circ}C/sec$ and in sMB was $-0.030{\sim}0.037^{\circ}C/sec$ 8. The combustion time in the cooling period appeared longer over two times in sMA than in sMB, and the time which the cooling period (minimum temperature) finished at appeared later in sMB by 55 sec. 9. We classified the combustion process that the measured temperature rose over body heat($37^{\circ}C$) into the effective combustion period. The effective combustion time was 233.3 sec in sMA and 300.4 sec in sMB respectively, and was longer by about 29% in sMB. The average temperature and maximum temperature in the effective combustion time appeared higher in sMA. The time taken until the maximum temperature was reached was 225.1 sec in sMA and 244.5 sec in sMB, faster by about 20 sec in sMA. The maximum ascending temperature gradient during the effective combustion period appeared larger about 1.4 times in sMB, but the time when the maximum ascending temperature gradient happened was faster in sMA. Conclusion : It appears that sMB, compared with sMA, is proper if necessary to apply the long time and weak stimulus, because of the gentle stimulus during the relatively longer time. In contrast, sMA that the symmetrical combustion happened is proper if necessary to apply the short time and strong stimulus.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.6 s.275
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• pp.414-419
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• 2007

Background: Replacing the ascending aorta is a standard surgical option for treating acute type A aortic dissection. But replacing the aortic arch has recently been reported as an acceptable procedure for this disease. We compared the effects of aortic arch replacement for treating acute type A aortic dissection with the effects of ascending aortic replacement. Material and Method: From 2002 to 2006, 25 patients undewent surgical treatment for acute type A aortic dissection, 12 patients undewent ascending aortic replacement and 13 patients underwent aortic arch replacement. Among the aortic arch group, an additional distal stent-graft was inserted during the operation in 5 patients. 19 patients (11 arch replaced patients and 8 ascending aortic replaced patients) were followed up at the out patient clinic for an average of $756{\pm}373$ days. All the patients undewent CT scanning and we analyzed their distal aortic segments. Result: 4 patients who underwent ascending aortic replacement died, so the overall mortality rate was 16%. Among the 11 long term followed-up arch replacement patients, 2 patients (18.1 %) developed distal aortic dilatation and one of them underwent thoracoabdominal aortic replacement later on. However, among the 8 the ascending aortic replaced patients, 5 patients (62.5%) developed distal aortic dilatation. Conclusion: Aortic arch replacement is one of the safe options for treating acute type A aortic dissection. Aortic arch replacement for treating acute type A aortic dissection could contribute to a reduced distal aortic dilatation rate and fewer secondary aortic procedures.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.189-192
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• 1983

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.432-437
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• 1984

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.1285-1295
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• 2015

An SM domain is an integral domain which satisfies the ascending chain condition on w-ideals. Then an SM domain also satisfies the descending chain condition on those chains of v-ideals whose intersection is not zero. In this paper, a study is begun to extend these properties to commutative rings with zero divisors. A $Q_0$-SM ring is defined to be a ring which satisfies the ascending chain condition on semiregular w-ideals and satisfies the descending chain condition on those chains of semiregular v-ideals whose intersection is semiregular. In this paper, some properties of $Q_0$-SM rings are discussed and examples are provided to show the difference between $Q_0$-SM rings and SM rings and the difference between $Q_0$-SM rings and $Q_0$-Mori rings.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.882-888
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• 1988

A case of Annuloaortic Ectasia associated with Marfan syndrome and mitral regurgitation is treated surgically by Bentall`s method and mitral annuloplasty. The Annuloaortic Ectasia is frequently accompanied with Marfan syndrome, its definition is simply explained as the following; the marked dilatation of the sinuses of Valsalva and the aortic annulus as well as the huge aneurysm of the ascending aorta. As the operative finding, the intimal tearing was shown as circular and the both coronary ostia were changed the position into high up. The patient was taken a corrective operation replacing the ascending aorta and aortic valve with a composite graft[St. Jude medical valve 29mm, woven Dacron tubular graft 31mm]. The both coronary ostia were reimplanted on the graft with 4-0 prolene by continuous suture. Mitral annuloplasty was performed. After the operation, the patient developed both spontaneous pneumothorax, he improved state by the closed thoracostomy. He has been doing well, postoperatively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.710-714
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• 1987

Over the past 6 years, from July, 1981. through June, 1987., 14 consecutive patient with congenital aortic stenosis underwent corrective surgery in our department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. The patient ranged in age from 1 to 20 years. There were 8 male and 6 female patients. According to the operative findings, stenotic site was valvular stenosis [5 cases], subvalvular stenosis [5 cases], supravalvular stenosis [2 cases], valvular and supra valvular stenosis [1 case]. We have performed valvotomy and commissurotomy [5 cases]. Resection of subvalvular membrane [3 cases], patch enlargement of Ascending aorta [2 cases], LV myotomy [2 cases], valvotomy and excision of membrane [1 case], patch enlargement of ascending aorta and valve ring [1 case]. There was one hospital mortality [7.1%]. He died of C-I bleeding and sepsis on the 25th postoperative day. All survivors showed improvement in NYHA functional class in the 160 patient/month follow up period.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.322-325
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• 1997

We experienced a case of anomalous origin of right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta associated with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, absence of left pulmonary artery afld multiple major aortopulmonary collateral artery (MAPCA). At ten month of age, left pulmonary artery creation with unifocalization and right pulmonary artery banding were performed as the Urst stage, followed by coil embolization of right MAPCA 1 month later, and 1 year later, the total correction was done. After total repair, the patient showed good postoperative course and excellent angiographic and hemodynamic results at 1 year follow-up study.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 1996

Lightening is a phenomenon in which electric charges accumulated in the air due to a strong ascending air current are instantly discharged. As the air current rises, the steam in the air turns into hail and grows to a certain size. Thunderclouds brought together by the ascending air current when the earth's surface is heated by strong summer sunlight produce what are called heat thunderstorms. Compared to transistors and IC's that operate at several volts, lightening induces voltages of from several 100 to several 10,000 volts and sometimes causes great damage, such as destroying equipment or delaying communication. The following describes the cause of lighting damage and basic idea behind countermeasures against such damage.