• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2010

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is bacterial infection, with more than half of the world population infected and oral cavity is considered second reservoir of H. pylori infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate role of oral cavity in H. pylori infection by comparison of the mode H. pylori infection in oral cavity and stomach. We recruited 100 subjects without systemic disease including gastrointestinal disease. Samples in oral cavity taken on gingival sulcus fluid(GSF) of lower left central incisor and 1st molar, area of buccal mucosa, dorsum of the tongue, palatal and saliva. We analyzed by Nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR) for oral infection and Urea Breath Test(UBT) for gastric infection. The results were as follows : 1. Among these 100 subjects, 36(36%) were positive by Nested PCR and 33(33%) were positive by UBT(p>0.05). 2. In detection rate of H. pylori in sites taken sample, 11(11%), 8(8%), 9(9%), 3(3%), 9(9%), 7(7%) were positive on GSF of lower left central incisor and 1st molar, area of buccal mucosa, dorsum of the tongue, palatal and saliva, respectively. Statical significance was observed in samples of GSF of lower left central incisor and area of dorsum of the tongue(p<0.05). 3. In comparison of the mode of H. pylori infection in oral cavity and stomach by analytic method, positive in oral cavity and stomach was 10(10%), negative in oral cavity and positive in stomach was 23(23%), positive in oral cavity and negative in stomach was 26(26%) and negative in oral cavity and stomach was 41(41%)(p>0.05). Conclusively, we can guess that oral H. pylori is not associated with gastric H. pylori infection and normal flora.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.22-30
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare the Solar Radiation(SR) and the Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT) under the shades of the three landscaping trees in clear summer daytimes. The trees were Lagerstroemia indica, Quercus palustris and Ulmus parvifolia. The solar radiation, the globe temperature and the air temperature were recorded every minute from the $1^{st}$ of April to the $30^{th}$ of September 2013 at a height of 1.1m above on the four monitoring stations, with four same measuring system consisting of a solar radiation sensor, two resistance temperature detectors(Pt-100), a black brass globe (${\phi}50mm$) and data acquisition systems. At the same time, the sky view photos were taken automatically hourly by three scouting cameras(lens angle: $60^{\circ}$) fixed at each monitoring station. Based on the 258 daily sky view photos and 6,640 records of middays(10 A.M.~2 P.M.) from the $1^{st}$ of June to the $30^{th}$ of August, the time serial differences of SR and MRT under the trees were analysed and compared with those of open sky, The major findings were as follows; 1. The average ratio of sky views screened by the canopies of Quercus palustris, Lagerstroemia indica and Ulmus parvifolia were 99%, 98% and 97%, and the SR were $106W/m^2$, $163W/m^2$ and $202W/m^2$ respectively, while the SR of open sky was $823W/m^2$. Which shows the canopies blocked at least 70% of natural SR. 2. The average MRT under the canopies of Quercus palustris, Lagerstroemia indica and Ulmus parvifolia were $30.34^{\circ}C$, $33.34^{\circ}C$ and $34.77^{\circ}C$ respectively, while that of open sky was $46.0^{\circ}C$. Therefore, it can be said that the tree canopies can reduce the MRT around $10{\sim}16^{\circ}C$. 3. The regression test showed significant linear relationship between the SR and MRT. In summary, the performances of the landscaping shade trees were very good at screening the SR and reducing the MRT at the outdoor of summer middays. Therefore, it can be apparently said that the more shade trees or forest at the outdoor, the more effective in conditioning the outdoor space reducing the MRT and the useless SR for human activities in summertime.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of cultivars and to establish the hydroponic cultivation method of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) f3r autumn season. Considering the rate of germination, plant height is 25 cm interior and exterior and leaf blade and petiole attitude is erect the best two cultivars 'Artlars', 'Dimple' were selected among the 19 cultivars tested. Seed germination was more than $90{\%}$ in both cultivars of 'Artlars', 'Dimple'. Seed rate of germination drops more or less, but it was cultivar that 'Mahoroba' cultivars is becoming in export standard production, and 'Premium', 'Platon' cultivar which plant height of leaf blade and petiole attitude is erect is about 20 cm was thought by suitable cultivars to domestic. Plant height relationship difference that follow to planting distances decreased according as planting distances growth than $12{\times}11$ cm to $12{\times}15$ cm. In the meantime, the increase of leaf area and fresh weight was increasing transplanting distance. The yield per ha of 14,890 kg in the $12{\times}11$ cm was $67{\%}$ increased than that in the $12{\times}9$ cm. Therefore, $12{\times}11$ cm spacing is considered optimum planting distance for spinach hydroponic cultivation in autumn season.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2015

To investigate the effect of the weathering process of biotite on Cs sorption, sorption experiment of Cs with $10^{-3}M$ solution was carried out on the biotite reacted at different reaction times at pH 2 and 4, and 1 M solutions of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Rb, and Cs. Peak changes were observed for some samples by XRD, indicating that new mineral phase formed by biotite weathering. Among several factors, cations in solutions have the most significant influence on the mineralogical changes. The samples reacted with Na showed the most outstanding change with increasing peak width and appearance of $12{\AA}$ peak and $14{\AA}$ peak. This new peaks indicate the formation of hydrobiotite and vermiculite. The new peaks had stronger peak intensity for the sample reacted at pH 4 than that at pH 2, probably due to the fast dissolution of small particles and edges and resultant decrease in the formation of expandable layers. The biotite reacted at Mg solution showed small intensity at $14{\AA}$. Based on XRD results, the degree of biotite weathering was in the order of Na, Mg, and Ca. The samples reacted with K, Rb, Cs solutions did not show noticeable mineralogical changes caused by weathering. The amount of sorbed Cs on weathered biotite showed close relationship with the degree of weathering indicated by XRD. At both pH 2 and 4, the biotite reacted with Na solution showed the highest Cs sorption, and those with Mg and Ca solutions showed the next highest ones. The sorbed amounts of Cs on the bitote reacted with K, Rb, Cs solutions were relatively low. This indicates that at the Cs concentration ($10^{-3}M$) which we used for this experiment and which was much higher than the maximum Cs concentration sorbed on the frayed edge site, expandable layer plays more important role than frayed edge. In the cases of K, Rb, and Cs solutions, Cs sorption was decreased because K is the same cations as the one in the interlayer or the sorption of Rb and Cs on the frayed edge prevents the formation of expandable layers.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 2017

$SiO_2$ is one of the most abundant constituents of the Earth's crust and mantle. Probing its electronic structures at high pressures is essential to understand their elastic and thermodynamic properties in the Earth's interior. The in situ high-pressure x-ray Raman scattering (XRS) experiment has been effective in providing detailed bonding transitions of the low-z materials under extreme compression. However, the relationship between the local atomic structures and XRS features at high pressure has not been fully established. The ab initio calculations have been used to overcome such experimental difficulties. Here we report the partial density of states (PDOS) of O atoms and the O K-edge XRS spectra of ${\alpha}-quartz$, ${\alpha}-cristobalite$, and $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ phases calculated using ab initio calculations based on the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. The unoccupied O PDOSs of the $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ calculated with and without applying the core-hole effects present significantly distinctive features. The unoccupied O p states of the ${\alpha}-quartz$, ${\alpha}-cristobalite$ and $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ calculated with considering the core-hole effect present similar features to their calculated O K-edge XRS spectra. This confirms that characteristic features in the O K-edge XRS stem from the electronic transition from 1s to unoccupied 2p states. The current results indicate that the core-hole effects should be taken in to consideration to calculate the precise O K-edge XRS features of the $SiO_2$ polymorphs at high pressure. Furthermore, we also calculated O K-edge XRS spectrum for $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ at ~63 GPa. As the experimental spectra for these high pressure phases are not currently available, the current results for the $CaCl_2$-type $SiO_2$ provide useful prospect to predict in situ high-pressure XRS spectra.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2017

This study investigated the cortical generators of P300 in college students with schizotypal traits by using an auditory oddball paradigm, event-related potentials (ERPs) and standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) model. We also investigated the relationship between the current density of P300 and the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. Based on the scores of Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire(SPQ), schizotypal trait (n=37) and control (n=42) groups were selected. For the measurement of P300, an auditory oddball paradigm, in which frequent standard tones (1000Hz) and rare target tones (1500Hz) were presented randomly, was used. Participants were required to count the number of the target tones during the task and report this at the end of the experiment. The two groups did not differ significantly in the accuracy of the oddball task. The schizotypal trait group showed significantly smaller P300 amplitudes than control group. In terms of source localization, both groups showed the P300 current density over bilateral frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. However, the schizotypal trait group showed significantly reduced activations in the left superior temporal gyrus and the right middle temporal gyrus, but increased activations in both left inferior frontal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus compared to the control group. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the current density of the right superior frontal gyrus and SPQ disorganization score was found in the schizotypal trait group. These findings indicate that the individuals with schizotypal traits have dysfunctions of frontal and temporal areas, which are known to be the source of P300, as observed in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, the present results indicate that the disorganization score, rather than total score, of the SPQ is useful in predicting the risk of future schizophrenia.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

As part of a research dedicated to the field evaluation of the durability of concrete subjected to freezing-thawing, this study analyzes the relationship between the surface roughness and the relative dynamic elastic modulus through image analysis. Four mix compositions with water-to-binder ratios (W/B) of 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% and without AE agent were considered to provoke early freezing. The basic physical properties of the mixes including the relative dynamic elastic modulus and the compressive strength were first evaluated experimentally according to W/B. Then, tests were performed to measure the surface roughness followed by photographs and SEM image analysis. The measured surface roughness tended to increase with larger number of freezing-thawing cycles regardless of W/B. The relative dynamic elastic modulus appeared to increase gradually with the number of cycles for the relatively denser mixes with W/B of 40% and 50%. Besides, the surface roughness increased only at rupture for the mixes with W/B of 60% and 70%. Moreover, the analysis of the photographs of the surface of the mixes with W/B of 40% and 50% revealed that the degradation progressed gradually from the surface with the freezing-thawing cycles. However, for the mixes with W/B of 60% and 70%, apparent change of the surface remained very insignificant until rupture at which damage like cracking could be observed. Consequently, the analysis of surface photograph or the measurement of the surface roughness presented some limitation in assessing the degree of freezing-thawing-induced degradation in case of relatively porous specimens. On the other hand, the photograph and surface roughness appeared to be sufficient for assessing such degradation for the mixes with W/B of 40% and 50%. Accordingly, the image of the surface and the surface roughness are potentially applicable on site for the assessment of freezing-thawing damages in relatively dense mixes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1978

The study was conducted to find out the relationship between land cost and financial yield earned by the plantations of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora and Cryptomeria japonica, and to investigate possible land investment for the given rates of return. The result of the study could be summarized as follows: 1. In the case of Pinus koraiensis plantation on site index 12, the finnancial yield was 6.4 percent when the land cost was 0.5 million Won per hectare, but the yield was reduced to 2.1 percent when the cost was 2.5 million Won. It would be therefore necessary for inducing plantation investment to raise financial yield by control of forest land price. 2. The financial yield on land of zero expectation value, in other words, internal rate of return of land investment was estimated at 10 percent. If the opportunity cost of forest land is higher than this, the economic plantation is not visible even though the land is free. 3. With the expected financial yield of 3 percent, the possible land investment of poor sites was estimated at 1.24, 0.28 and 0.80 million Won per hectare for the plantation of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora and Cryptomeria japonica, respectively. In any case, however, land cost could not be over 3 million Won per hectare. 4. The rate earned from forest land investment was generally less than 10 percent. Therefore, the annual interest rate in forestry could not be higher than this, and hopeful rate is not exceeding 6 percent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1983

Total 83model forest owners in Korea were investigated to find out the relationship between their attitudes toward tree felling (or propensity to felling) and selected six independent variables, i.e, owner's age(X1), educational level(X2), forest land area (X3), socioeconomic status (X4), communication (X5) and sociopsychological factor(X6). The dependent variable was measured by Liken attitude scale, and analyzed by multiple regression. Major findings of the study are summarized as follows: 1) The degree of the propensity of felling is relatively high. The communication and sociopsychological variables are negatively, but education level is positively related to the dependent variable. 2) The multiple correlation coefficient between felling-attitude score and six independent variables is 0.5322. Of the variance of this sttitude score, about 13 percent can be explained by communication variable, 6 percent by sociopsychological variable and other 6 percent by age variable. 3) The model owners' attitudes toward felling are positively correlated with there sources of communication variable, i.e. personal contact, social participation and mass media contact. The multiple correlation coefficient between felling-attitude score and three sources of communication variable is 0.4049. This means that 16 percent of the variance of the attitude score can be explained by three sources of communication, that is, 9 percent by personal contact, 5 percent by social participation and 3 percent by mass media. 4) The fatalistic, untrustful and non-ambitious personalities were positively, but conservative personality negatively related to the propensity to tree felling. The multiple correlation coefficient between seven different personalities and the dependent variable is 0.5461. Of the variance of the dependent variable, 11 percent can be explained by untrustful personality, and other 11 percent by nonambitious personality.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2003

Objectives: The authors studied the anxiety, depression and psychological characteristics of medical out-patients, which are diagnosed as peptic ulcer disorder and essential hypertension. We also examined the state of psychiatric consultation. Methods: The subjects were composed of 56 patients with peptic ulcer disorder, 44 patients with essential hypertension and 116 controls. STAI, BDI and SCL-90R was administered to all subjects. Chart review, telephone interview and Self report questionnaire of etiology and severity of illness, drug compliance and so forth were performed in disease groups. Results: Considerable depression was noticed in 39.3% among the patients with peptic ulcer disorder, 27.7% in hypertension and 12.1% in control group by BDI. State anxiety was noticed in 44.6% among the patients with peptic ulcer disorder, 54.5% in hypertension and 18.1% in control group by State anxiety. Trait anxiety was noticed in 42.9% among the patients with peptic ulcer disorder, 34.1% in hypertension and 25.8% in control group by Trait anxiety. The higher SOM, BDI, STAI, the lower drug compliance and rapport. Psychological problems are considered of the most important etiology in 48.2% of peptic ulcer group and 45.7% of hypertensive group. But psychiatric consultation is made only in 1.8% of peptic ulcer group and 2.3% of hypertensive group. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression are common phenomena in medical outpatients. In comparison with the normal control group, peptic ulcer group showed significantly higher trait anxiety and depression and hypertensive group higher state anxiety. These characteristics are related to the drug compliance and doctor-patient relationship. These results suggested the needs of active psychiatric consultation.