• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.214.2-214.2
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• 2003

Eupatilin (5,7-dihydroxy-3",4",6-trimethoxyflavone) is an active ingredient of an ethanol extract of Artemisia asiatica (DA-9601) that is used in the treatment of gastritis. In vitro and in vivo metabolism of eupatilin in the rats has been studied by LC- electrospray mass spectrometry. Rat liver microsomal incubation of eupatilin in the presence of NADPH and UDPGA resulted in the formation of four metabolites (M1-M4). M1, M2, M3 and M4 were tentatively identified as 3"- or- 4"-O-demethyl-eupatilin glucuronide, eupatilin glucuronide, 6-O-demethyleupatilin and 3"-or 4"-O-demethyl- eupatilin glucuronide, eupatilin glucuronide, 6-O-demethyleupatilin and 3"-or 4"-O- demethyl-eupatilin glucuronide, eupatilin glucuronide, 6-O demethyleupatilin and 3"-or 4"-O-demethyl-eupatilin glucuronide, respectively. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 1987

Allelopathic activity of dominant upland weed species was determined using aqueous and methanol extracts and dried residues of the weeds. Germination and seedling growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were greatly inhibited by 2% (w/v) aqueous extracts of Artemisia asiatica Nakai and Portulaca oleracea L., respectively. Great phytotoxicity on both indicator plants occurred by 2% (w/v) aqueous extracts of Capsel/a bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. A complete inhibition in germination and seedling growth of radish was caused by 2% (w/v) methanol extract of A. asiatica. There was about 90% inhibition in germination and seedling growth of sesame due to 2% (w/v) methanol extracts of A. asiatica, P. oleracea and Trifolium repens L. Phytotoxic effects varied with extract solution, weed species and indicator plants employed, indicating that the weed species contained different contents and kinds of allelopathic chemicals. Water potential and pH adjusted to those of the extracts did not affect germination and seedling growth of the indicator plants. Phytotoxicity increased with increasing concentration of the extracts obtained from four suspected alleopathic weeds. Soil-incorporated plant residues of A. asiatica and P. oleracea caused greater phytotoxicity on radish than those of C. bursa-pastoris and T. repens.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.336-349
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• 1986

This study was conducted to examine the plant succession on the improved pasture of the mountain districts around Mt. Halla in Cheju Island. For this study, the researcher had investigated for ten years the improved pasture which had been used for grazing from 1976 to 1985. The pasture was reclaimed from native grassland. The mixed seeds of 17kgs' Dactylis glomerata, 7kgs' Festuca arundinacea, 2kgs' Lolium multiflorum and 2kgs' Trifolium repens were sowed per ha. The results of this study are the followings; The annual changes in the number of plant species were observed. 37 weed species were found in 1976 and increased year after year to 151 species in 1985. The changes in the distribution of annual and perennial plant, and one species of arbor were found in 1976 and increased respectively year by year to 56 species (annual plant), 95 species (perennial plant) and 9 species (arbor) in 1985. The average plant height of introduced grasses by year increased from 38.05cm (1976) to 47.30cm (1978) and decreased from 40.50cm (1979) to 10.36cm in 1985 (y =-0.501x$^2$+1.609x + 41.946). While the average plant height of invading weeds increased from 26.61cm to 42.84cm (y=-0.80$\chi$$^2$＋2.540$\chi$＋27.570) between 1976 and 1985. The density of introduced grasses was 70.90% in 1976 and was reduced to 0.49% in 1985 (y =-0.501$\chi$$^2$+1.609$\chi$+41.946); while that of introduing weeds was 29.10% in 1976 and was increased to 99.51% in 1985 (y=-0.080$\chi$$^2$＋2.540$\chi$＋27.570). The coverage of introduced grasses by year increased gradually from 72.8% (1976) to 74.86% (1978) and decreased from 43.01% (1979) to 1.21% in 1986 while that of intruding weeds developed a tendency to increase every year. Their coverage in 1976 was 22.09% and increased to 98.78% in 1985. The weight of introduced grasses by year increased from 2,808kg (1976) to 3,535kg (1978) per l0a and after 1979 decreased gradually from 2,326kg (1978) to 35kg per l0a in 1985. That of intruding weeds increased yearly from 308kg in 1976 to 3,178kg in 1985. The type of annual vegetation were changed as follows; Year Type 1976-1978 Dactylis glomerata / Trifolium repens type 1979 Trifolium repens / Imperata cylindrica type 1980-1982 Imperata cylindrica / Zoysia Japonica type 1983 Imperata cylindrica / Pteridium aquilinum type 1984-1985 Imperata cylindrica / Miscanthus sinensis type The plants whose plant height, coverage, density, and weight increased year after year were Imperate cylind-rica, Zoysia japonica, Pteridium equilinum, Miscanthus sinensis, Cirsium japonicum, Erigeron canadensis, Artemisia japonica, Lespedeza cuneata, Spondiopogon cotuUfer. Cymbopogon tortilis, Plantago asiatica, Rumex acetosella, etc. The vegetation of Digitaria sanguinalis, Hydrocotyl japonica, Artemisia asiatica, etc. was com-paratively remarkable in the beginning.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2004

Mt. Deogyusan, 1,614m in altitude, is located in the southwest of South Korea. Around Mt. Duckyu, many Korean endemic and rare plants are populated, so it is considered a very important biogeographical area where the temperature zones of northern and southern plants are crossed. Because it is the graceful figure of Mt. Duckyu, it is a common mountain where many tourists visit frequently. Continuous tourist's visit may cause a bad influence on vegetation around the climbing paths. Therefore, weed community around the climbing paths on Mt. Duckyu, where visitors exert a bad influence directly on its community by coming in and out, was surveyed phytosocialogically. Our surveys have been accomplished from July to August, 2003. Weed communities formed around the climbing paths on Mt. Duckyu were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 8 communities and 4 subcommunities. Community A: Plantago asiatica community, A-a: Carex bostrychostigma subcommunity, A-b: Artemisia princeps var. orientalis subcommunity, B: Sasa borealis community, B-a: Carex siderosticta subcommunity, B-b: Veratrum parulum subcommunity, C: Rubus crataegifolius community, D: Hosta longipes community, E: Tripterygium regelii community, F: Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community, G: Carex okamotoi community, H: Lespedeza maximowiczii community. The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 34 families, 83 genera, 12 varieties, and 92 species. Wild plants such as Plantago asiatica, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Rubus crataegifolius, Sasa borealis and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the stamping pressure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.232-241
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• 2003

Mountain Chungyeong, 879m in altitude, is located in the northeast of the middle area in Korea. Around Mt. Chungyeong, many Korean endemic and rare plants are populated, so it is considered a very important biogeographical area where the temperature zones of northern and southern plants are crossed. Because it is close to Seoul, a capital of Korea, it is a common mountain where many tourists visit frequently. Continuous tourist's visit may cause a bad influence on vegetation around the climbing paths. Therefor, weed community around the climbing paths on Mt. Chungyeong, where visitors exert a bad influence directly on its community by coming in and out, was surveyed phytosocialogically. Our surveys have been accomplished from August, 2001 to September, 2002. weed communities formed around the climbing paths on Mt. Chungyeong were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 5 communities and 5 subcommunities. Community A: Plantago asiatica community, A-a: Erigeron annuus subcommunity, A-b: Carex. lanceolata subcommunity, B: Pseudostellaria palibiniana community, B-a: Carex siderosticta subcommunity, B-b: Galium trachyspermum subcommunity, C: Pueraria thunbergiana community, D: Lespedeza maximowiczii community, E: Rubus crataegifolius community, F: Oplismenus undulatifolius community, The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 47 families, 101 genera, 17 varieties, and 149 species. Wild plants such as Plantago asiatica, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron strigosus, Pueraria thunbergiana, Lespedeza maximowiezii, Rubus crataegifolius, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Artemisia japonica and Lysimachia clethroides were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the stamping pressure. Our result from the ranking all surveyed areas by the Bray-Curtis ordination method was very similar to the results from phytosocialogical table analysis.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 1989

Volatile terpenes responsible for allelopathic activity in four weed species were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. Artemisia asiatica Nakai contained 26 volatile terpenes, consisting of 16 monoterpenes and 10 sesquiterpenes, whereas there were only four terpenes in Trifolium repens L. and three terpenes each in Portulaca oleracea L. and Capsella bursa-pastoris (L,) Medik. Suspected allelochemics were ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, borneol, selinene, and caryophyllene in A. asiatica, ${\alpha}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-caryophyllene in T. repens, and ${\alpha}$-pinene in C. bursapastoris. No these compounds were found in P. oleracea.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 1988

About 136 weed species belonging to 44 families occurring in summer observed in Cheju island. The Compositae was the most widely occurring family covering 29 weed species, followed by 16 species in Graminae, 14 in Leguminosae, 13 in Rosaceae, 10 in Polygonaceae etc., The dominant weed species detected in range areas of Cheju island were Trifolium repens, Botrychium virginianum, Rosa multiflora, Miscanthus sinensis, Imperata cylindrica. The range areas of Cheju island consisted of the communities of Artemisia princeps-Botrychium virginianum, Artemisia princeps-Erigeron borariensis and Dianthus sinensis, and Artemisia-Lespedeza bicolor and Miscanthus sinensis and then the differential species of their communities were Botrychium virginianum, Erigeron boriensis, and Lespedeza bicolor and Miscanthus sinensis, respectively. The species of the high frequencies occurring in investigated sites were Artemisia princeps, Cirsium rhinoceros, Hydrocotyle ramijlora, Rosa multiflora, Sanguisorba officinalis, Rubus crataegifolius, Potentilla fragariodes, Erigeron annus, Plantago asiatica, Oxalis corniculata, Mosla dianthera in order.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.3 no.1_2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1980

This study was carried out to find out the correlation between plant groups and environomental gradient in the native grassfild near Kang Nam Express Terminal from August 26 to september 15, 1977. The correlations among plant species were calculated by using the method of x2 and the various relationships among soil environmental gradients were grouped by means of correlation coefficient. As a result, both the species and the soil environmental factors could be subdivided into four groups, and the four groups of the native grassfield were turned out to be correlated with the four groups of soil environmental factors. The first plant group (Panicum dichotomiflorum, Chenopodium album, Bidens forndosa, Humulus japonicus, Alopeculus amurensis, Potentilla fragarioides, Centipeda minima, Beckmannia erucaeformis) was formed in the releve 1∼10 reagions, organic matter by Turins's method, Total N, Exchange Ca and total of Exchange K, Na, Kg, Ca were abundent. The second plant group (Digitaria sanguinalis, Paltulaca oleracea, Echinochlea macrocrovi, Cyperus amuricus) was formed in the relve 11∼18 reagions, where Exchange Ca and total of Exchange K, Ng, Mg, Ca were little but Exchange A1 and sand were aburdent. In relve 19∼20 reagions, with much of Exchange Ca, total of Exchange K, Na, Mg, Ca, pH and a little Exchange Al, was found the third plant group (Pycreus sanguinoloentus, Cyperus amuricus, Ludwigia prostrata, Echinochloa echinata, Polygonum thunbergii, Salix glandulosa seedling) The fourth plant group (Cassia nomame, Polygnoum perfoliatum, Setaria viridis, Glocien ussuriensis, Lactuca indica, setaria glauca, Artemisia capill aris, Artmisia asiatica, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Kummerowia striata, Denothera odorata, Artemisia japonica, Carey laceolata) was formed in relve 21∼25 reagions, where organic matter by loss on ignition, Exchange Mg and Maximum water holding capacity were abundent but sand was a little. Thus it can be concluded that there is a close relationship between the vegetation group clasified by meaus of x2 and the environtal factors of soil devided by means of correlations coefficient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.29-40
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• 2003

Shindoori dune, about 2,000,000$m^2$ in area, is located in the west of the middle area in Korea. Around the sand dune, many diagnostic plants and animals are populated, so it is considered a very important ecosystematic area. This study was carried out to establish for conservation and restoration in Shindoori dune. Our surveys have been accomplished from October, 2002 to September, 2003. Plant communities formed around the sand dune in Shindoori were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 9 communities. Community A : Carex pumila community, B : Carex kobomugi community, C : Elymus moWs community, D : Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, E: Rosa rugosa community, F: Ischaemum anthephoroides community, G: Vitex rotundifolia community, H : Lathyrus japonica community, I : Oenothera biennis community. The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 19 families, 44 genera, 8 varieties, and 40 species. Wild plants such as Calystegia soldanella, Artemisia capillaris, Avena fatua, Mertensia asiatica, Glehnia littoralis and Zoysia sinica were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the salty wind. Our result from the ranking all surveyed areas by the Bray-Curtis ordination method was very similar to the results from phytosocialogical table work.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.442-447
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine whether treatment with the anti-inflammatory eupatilin influences intestinal smooth muscle contraction stimulated by carbachol and, if so, to investigate the related mechanism. Denuded ileal or colonic muscles from Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study and measurements of isometric contractions were obtained using a computerized data acquisition system; this data was also combined with results from molecular experiments. Eupatilin from Artemisia asiatica Nakai significantly decreased carbachol-induced contractions in both ileal and colonic muscles. Interestingly, eupatilin decreased carbachol-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 more significantly than that of MYPT1 at Thr855 in ileal and colonic muscles. However, eupatilin significantly decreased phosphorylation of MYPT1 at Thr855, but only in ileal muscle. Therefore, thin filament regulation, including MEK inactivation and related phospho-ERK1/2 decrease, is mainly involved in the eupatilin-induced decrease of intestinal contraction induced by carbachol. In conclusion, this study provides the evidence and a possible related mechanism concerning the inhibitory effect of the flavonoid as an antispasmodic on the agonist-induced contractions in rat ileum and colonic muscles.