• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.1541-1546
• /
• 2015

The objective of this research was to evaluate the toxicity of the industial xenobiotic Aroclor 1248 (A) and natural origin substances~elemental sulfur (S80) and oleic acid (OA) and their binary mixtures to V. fischeri bioluminescence during the prolonged exposure time (up to 60 min). The bioluminescence quenching test was used to determine the toxic effects. Full factorial experiment design and multiple regression analysis and the comparison of binary mixture effect with the sum of effects of individual chemicals were used for the evaluation of combined effects of toxicants. The analysis of general trend of mixture toxicity to bioluminescence showed that mixture toxic effects were reversible up to 60 min. Data analysis revealed different joint effects, which were depended on mixture composition. S80 enhanced toxic effect of A and acted additively with synergistic interaction. Hydrophobic OA in mixture with A acted antagonistically and in mixture with sulfur caused an additive effect with antagonistic component of interaction. It was concluded that low concentrations of natural toxic substances present in environmental samples as mixtures of chemicals can define the toxicodynamic character of industrial xenobiotics.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.410-418
• /
• 2005

PCBs had numerous uses such as hydraulic fluid, heat exchange fluid, sealant, lubricant, and carbonless copy paper. They are most likely found in electric utilities, power stations, industrial facilities, electronic manufacturing plants, petrochemical plants, railroad systems, electric equipment repair facilities, mining sites (active or abandoned), and military camps. Due to its outstanding chemical and thermal stabilities and electrical insulation properties, the commercial and industrial products of PCBs, such as Aroclors, Kaneclors, Clophens, Phenaclors etc., had been widely used as thermal oil and transformer oil from 1930s until the 1970s. The transformer oils were analyzed as a main source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) emission into the environment. Qualitative estimation of oil extracts as carried out with Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260. The transformer oils contained the pure and mixed of Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260. Also, commercial screening kit of 20 ppm and 50 ppm were applied to the transformer oil samples.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.352-364
• /
• 2006

This study was performed to search for useful separation properties and elution orders of three GC columns (DB-1, DB-5MS, SPB-Octyl) for 209 PCBs congeners using M-1668A-0.01X-SET of the AccuStandard Inc.. In addition, to confirm the quantitative peak in peak pattern method, the IUPAC Nos. of PCBs congener peaks were identified with 4 Aroclor standards (Aroclor-1242, 1248, 1254 and 1260). The separation property of dioxin-like PCBs congeners by four columns (DB-1, DB-5MS, SP-2331 and SPB-Octyl) was excellent in SP-2331. DB-1 and SPB-Octyl columns are necessary to use with a column of other types.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.206-215
• /
• 2005

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were commercially produced as complex mixtures beginning in 1929. The PCBs manufactured commercially are known by a variety of trade names including; Aroclor (USA), Phenoclor (France), Kaneclor (Japan), Sovol (USSR) and so on. PCBs are a class of 209 congeners that were widely used in a wide variety of applications, including dielectric fluid in transformers and large capacitors; heat transfer fluids; hydraulic fluids; lubricating and cutting oils; and as additives in pesticides, paints, adhesives, sealants, and plastics. The quantification methods of peak matching and coefficient comparison were compared using the Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260 standards. Also, six transformer oils were analyzed as a main source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) emission into the environment. The transformer oils contained the pure and mixed of Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1254, and Aroclor 1260. The analytical results using two quantification methods showed the little difference between the measured results.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.232-240
• /
• 2005

The total PCBs level in the transformer insulation oil samples using GC/ECD and HRGC/HRMS were ranged from 0.087 to $223.6{\mu}g/g$ and ranged from N.D. to $154.04{\mu}g/g$, respectively. The calculated TEQ values were ranged from 0.00067 to 6.8 ng WHO-TEQ/g. Among the samples, 6 samples showed higher than 2 ppm concentration (specific waste criterion of Korea). A variety in the concentration of total PCBs were observed between ECD and HRMS analysis. This is maybe due to quantification mehtod. The Aroclor 1248 wasn't present in the samples. The distribution pattern of Co-PCB congeners showed that the ratio of monoortho substituted congeners were higher than non-ortho substituted congeners. Among that, PCB-167 congener was predominant. In addition, the distribution of Co-PCBs congeners was different with that of flue gas and ambient air samples as well as commercial PCB formulations (Aroclor, Kanechlor).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.10
• /
• pp.1701-1708
• /
• 2008

Previous investigations showed that three classes of haloaromatic compounds (HACs; chlorobenzoates, chlorophenols, and chlorobenzenes) enhanced the reductive dechlorination of Aroclor 1248, judging from the overall extent of reduction in CI atoms on the biphenyl. In the present study, we further investigated the kind of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners involved in the enhanced dechlorination by four isomers belonging to each class (2,3-, 2,5-, 2,3,5-, and 2,4,6-chlorobenzoates; 2,3-, 3,4-, 2,5-, and 2,3,6-chlorophenols; and 1,2-, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and penta-chlorobenzenes). Although the PCB congeners involved in the enhanced dechlorination varied with the HACs, the enhancement primarily involved para-dechlorination of the same congeners (2,3,4'-, 2,3,4,2'-plus 2,3,6,4'-, 2,5,3',4'- plus 2,4,5,2',6'-, and 2,3,6,2',4'-chlorobiphenyls), regardless of the HACs. These congeners are known to have low threshold concentrations for dechlorination. To a lesser extent, the enhancement also involved meta dechlorination of certain congeners with high threshold concentrations. There was no or less accumulation of 2,4,4'- and 2,5,4'-chlorobiphenyls as final products under HAC amendment. Although the dechlorination products varied, the accumulation of ortho-substituted congeners, 2-, 2,2'-, and 2,6-chlorobiphenyls, was significantly higher with the HACs, indicating a more complete dechlorination of the highly chlorinated congeners. Therefore, the present results suggest that the enhanced dechlorination under HAC enrichment is carried out through multiple pathways, some of which may be universal, regardless of the kind of HACs, whereas others may be HAC-specific.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.922-926
• /
• 2013

3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC PCB77) is one of seven indicative polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface sediments. The current study presents a novel polyclonal antibody for the determination of the PCB77 using indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Under optimum conditions, PCB77 was determined within the concentration range of 0.01-100 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, with a detection limit of 0.057 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. The assays were tested for their cross-reactivity profiles using 3 selected congeners and 4 Aroclor products. The assays were highly specific for coplanar PCB congeners, but less specific for Aroclor1248. The spiked recoveries from five sediment samples were 86%-114% for PCB77 from ELISA, which were satisfactory. The current study demonstrated that the developed antiserum and immunoassay procedure can be used to detect PCB77 in environmental samples. The results of the sediment analysis were confirmed by conventional GC/ECD.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.39 no.12
• /
• pp.918-924
• /
• 1995

THMs and PCBs were separated and analysed with elution on Novapak ODS or $\mu-Bondapak$ phenyl column by an eluent containing p-nitrophenol (p-NP). THMs studied were CHCl3, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl, and CHBr3, and PCBs used were Aroclor 1221, 1242, 1248, $\alpha-$ and $\beta-BHC.$ It was thought that the retention on the stationary phase and sensitivities of the samples are related to the interaction between the sample and stationary phase or p-NP. THMs were separated completely on the ODS column by elution with MeOH-water (30 : 70) containing $1.0{\times}10^{-4}$ M p-NP and some of PCBs were separated on the phenyl column by elution with $CH_3CN$-water(50 : 50) containing $1.0{\times}10^{-4}$ M p-NP. Detection limits of THMs were from $1.0{\times}10^{-4}$ g to $1.0{\times}10^{-6}$ g. Aroclors were $2{\times}10^{-6}$ g, and $\alpha-$ and $\beta-BHC$ were $2{\times}10^{-4}$ g and $1.0{\times}10^{-4}$ g respectively.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.263-271
• /
• 2006

The levels of total PCBs, Co-PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the transformer insulation oil samples obtained using GC/ECD and HRGC/HRMS were ranged from N.D. to 77.3 ppm, from 0.0863 to 2.49 ppm and from N.D. to 0.00241 ppm, respectively. In terms of WHO-TEQ values, Co-PCBs and PCDD/Fs were ranged from 23.3 to 600 pgTEQ/g and from N.D. to 128 pgTEQ/g, respectively (${\Sigma}Co$-PCBs+PCDD/Fs concentration was calculated 24.4~728 pgTEQ/g). Although, the contribution of PCDD/Fs was below 12% in total TEQ concentration, it is suggested contamination of PCDD/Fs in transformer insulation oils. Among 10 samples, 4 samples showed higher concentration than 2 ppm (specific waste criterion of Korea) and Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254 and 1260 was detected in samples as a single or mixture of Aroclor. It was shown reliable relationship between concentration of Co-PCBs and those of PCDD/Fs (p<0.003), however, was not shown between production year of transformer and concentration of PCBs. The distribution pattern of Co-PCB congeners showed that the ratios of mono-ortho substituted congeners were higher than non-ortho substituted congeners. Among that, PCB-118 congener was predominant. In addition, the OCDD congener was predominated in PCDD/Fs congeners as above 53%. Moreover, the congener pattern of Co-PCBs was similar to that of Aroclor as well as ambient air, which suggested that PCBs volatilization from transformer insulation oil affected the pattern of Co-PCBs in ambient air.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.189-195
• /
• 2003

To enhance the reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) under anaerobic conditions, we examined the adjunctive effects of cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni), which are the central metals of transition-metal cofactors of coenzyme F$\_$430/ and vitamin B$\_$12/, respectively, on the dechlorination of Aroclor 1248. After 32 weeks of incubation, the average numbers of chlorines per biphenyl in culture vials supplemented with 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mM of Co reduced from 3.88 to 3.39, 2.92, and 3.28, respectively. However, the numbers of chlorine after supplementing with Ni decreased from 3.88 to 3.43, regardless of the Ni concentrations. The observed congener distribution patterns of all vials with different conditions were similar to the pattern produced by the dechlorination process of H' after 21 weeks of incubation, and these patterns were unchanged up to week 32, except for vials supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mM of Co. In vials containing 0.5 mM of Co, meta-rich congeners, such as 25/ 25-,24/25-, and 25/23-chlorobiphenyls (CBPs), which were found as accumulated products of dechlorination in other conditions, were further dechlorinated, and 25/2-, 24/2-, and 2/2-CBPs were concomitantly increased after 32 weeks of incubation. In this case, the congener distribution was similar to the dechlorination pattern of process M. From these results, we suggested that the enrichment of cultures with Co might stimulate the growth of specific populations of meta-dechlorinators, and that populations might promote a change in the dechlorination process from H' to M, which is known to be less effective on the dechlorination of the more highly chlorinated congeners of PCBs.