• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.203-207
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• 1998

We have experienced 2 patients who underwent retroperitoneal endoscopic lumbar sympathectomy(RELS) for bilateral plantar hyperhidrosis. They had underwent thoracic sympathectomy by thoracoscopy 20 months and 1 month ago, respectively. The first patient had to be converted to the open procedure due to pneumoperitonium and she was reoperated due to continous sweating by the incomplete sympathectomy on right side. At follow-up after 70 and 30 days postoperatively, RELS results were graded as excellent, good, fair, or poor. The first patient was very satisfied as "Excellent" and the second was slightly less satisfied as "Good" with compensatory hyperhidrosis at perianal area. This RELS is a feasible procedure to plantar hyperhydrosis patients with less pain, minimal scar, short period of convalescence, and short hospital stay.short hospital stay.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.97-104
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• 2007

The corelation between the indoor volume and the measured radon concentration has been analyzed by comparing the radon concentration and the indoor volume of apartment rooms in Jeonju City. We also measured the annual exposure dose based on the variation in indoor radon concentration over time. To do this, we took 8 larger rooms and 8 smaller rooms of apartment, respectively, as a sample. The average volume of the larger rooms and that of the smaller rooms were $31.59\;m^3$ and $16.82\;m^3$, respectively. The average radon concentration of the larger rooms and that of the smaller rooms turned out to be $71.73\;Bq/m^3$ and $108.51\;Eq/m^3$, respectively. indicating that indoor volume is in inverse proportion to the radon concentration, i.e., the bigger the ratio of the surface area/volume, the higher the indoor radon concentration. From the measurement of the variation in indoor radon concentration over time fur a single day, the average intraday radon concentration variation was found to be about $46.8\;Bq/m^3$. The highest level of concentration ($114.5\;Bq/m^3$) was measured between 8 and 10 AM and the lowest level of concentration ($67.7\;Bq/m^3$) between 2 and 4 PM. The annual exposure dose turned out to be in the range of 0.3 mSv/yr to 2.16 mSv/yr, showing that the dose in some apartments exceeded 1.3 mSv/yr, the numerical value presented by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.183-212
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• 2004

Die Haftung des Luftfrachtf${\"{u}}$hrers nach dem ge${\"{a}}$nderten Luftverkehrsgesetz 2004 In dieser Arbeit handelt es sich um das ge${\"{a}}$nderte Luftverkehrsgesetz in Deutschland. Neuerdings werden die bisherige Vielzahl von v${\"{o}}$lkerrechtlichen Abkommen und Protokollen, europarechtlichen Bestimmungen und privatrechtlichen Vereinbanmgen durch das Montrealer ${\"{U}}$bereinkommen 1999 zu einem einzigen Instrument zusammengefuhrt. Am 4. 11. 2003 ist das ${\"{U}}$bereinkommen von Montreal f${\"{u}}$r die Ratifikationsstaaten in Kraft getreten. Der Anwendungsbereich des Montrealer ${\"{U}}$bereinkommen beschr${\"{a}}$nkt sich jedoch nach dessen Art. 1 auf die internationale Bef${\"{o}}$rderung. Urn bei reinen Inlandf${\"{a}}$llen einen Gleichlauf zu gew${\"{a}}$hrleisten, will der deutsche Gesetzgeber im Zuge der Ratifikation in ${\S}$ 46 LuftVG eine entsprechende nationale Haftungsbestimmung schaffen.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.543-552
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• 2013

Physiological and subjective responses of the farmers and thermal environment during chili harvest in the open field were investigated to evaluate the thermal environments and farmers's workload. Eight career female farmers in their sixties participated as subjects both in morning work(MW, AM 9:00~10:30) and in afternoon work(AW, PM 15:00~16:30) with each lasting about 90 minutes. The results were as follows. 1) Air temperature, air humidity, globe temperature and WBGT of MW were mean $25.54^{\circ}C$, 81.82%RH, $37.72^{\circ}C$, $26.27^{\circ}C$ and AW were mean $30.63^{\circ}C$ 82.50%RH, $40.11^{\circ}C$, $30.02^{\circ}C$, respectively. By the WBGT, we evaluated that the thermal environment in the afternoon in the open field gave a thermal burden to farmers. 2) Mean skin temperature of AW($34.8{\pm}0.8^{\circ}C$) was higher than MW($33.5{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$)(p<0.05). Clothing microclimate temperature on the chest of each work time were $31.3^{\circ}C$(MW) and $32.7^{\circ}C$(AW). Clothing microclimate humidity on the chest of each work time were over 80%RH. Heart rate were 88.5bpm(MW) and 91.7bpm(AW) respectively. 3) Farmers working in the afternoon felt uncomfortable after 45~60 min. of work and in the morning they felt uncomfortable after 90 min. of work. We evaluated that the harvesting of chilies in the open field was 'moderate work' by the physiological responses but the level of thermal burden increased over time especially in the afternoon work. It is suggested that farm workers should drink fluids between work to stay in homeostasis by sweating and to take frequent rests. Active clothing ventilation and wearing functional garments would help farm workers excrete sweat effectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.494-503
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• 2020

This study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of imparting education to nursing college students, using traditional teaching methods and action learning teaching methods. The target of the study was to measure nursing leadership, academic self-efficacy, and self-preservation of the students, and determine the effects of action learning method imparted 2 hours daily for 8 weeks, out of the 15-week study schedule. Ed. Notes: There is a lot of repetition, and the highlighted statement lacks clarity. I am unable to understand the study period. Does the author mean 2 hrs daily for 8 weeks? I have suggested the edits as per my understanding. Please review and revise appropriately, if required. Differences obtained between nursing leadership, academic self-efficacy, and self-leadership when comparing the experimental and control groups, were analyzed by independent sample t-test. Pre and post comparisons of the domains were analyzed with a paired t-test. The study results indicate significant differences in academic self-efficacy and self-preservation between experimental and control groups after application of the action learning teaching method, leadership in nursing as a lower area, confidence in academic self-efficiency, and self-control efficacy. Our results indicate that the recently emerged action-learning teaching is an effective method to apply in existing curriculums.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.34-39
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• 2001

An adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coder was adopted as a standard of W-CDMA by 3GPP and ETSI. The AMR coder is based on the CELP algorithm operating at rates ranging from 12.2 kbps down to 4.75 kbps, and it is a source controlled codec according to the channel error conditions and the traffic loading. In this paper, we implement the DSP S/W of the AMR coder using OakDSPCore. The implementation is based on the CSD17C00A chip developed by C&S Technology, and it is tested using test vectors, for the AMR speech codec, provided by ETSI for the bit exact implementation. The DSP B/W requires 20.6 MIPS for the encoder and 2.7 MIPS for the decoder. Memories required by the Am coder were 21.97 kwords, 6.64 kwords and 15.1 kwords for code, data sections and data ROM, respectively. Also, actual sound input/output test using microphone and speaker demonstrates its proper real-time operation without distortions or delays.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2004

Due to the changes in market place, new business types(e.g. e-business} have been rapidly emerged and increased. However, those new business types have not much been emerged in port and logistics related industries, and adoption rate of e-business in this area is very low, compared to other industries. Thus, to promote e-business in this area, many policies have been studied. However, most of previous studies have not been based on industrial structure, and results of these studies have mostly been case by case. Further, there have been no research based on the related theories. As a result, despite many of research and project for shipping and port related e-business, prominent achievements in this area have never to be presented. For these reasons, it am be stated that, first of all, basic studies related to new business types in shipping and port are needed, and then, various policies based on results of those basic studies should be discussed. The aim of this study is to classify business types existed (or expected) in a port related industry, ship bunkering. This taxonomy was based on theories related to business layer(BL) and value chain(VC), and these BL and VC combination enabled to acquire all possible business types.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.4B
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• pp.343-352
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• 2011

The water quantity by intake station as well as the tributary flow discharge acting as sink or source were added to the main flow rate in the present study and RMA-2 and RMA-4 models were applied to the reach from Pal-dang dam to Jam-sil submerged weir to investigate the influence of water supply withdrawal on the river flow and water quality. The numerical results revealed that the water supply withdrawal from 5 intake stations located upstream of Jam-sil submerged weir changed the total flow rate and therby induced different hydraulic characteristics in terms of water surface elevation and velocity. The changed flow field by the inclusion of water intake quantity led to the variation of water quality. By the consideration of the water supply withdrawal, the velocity structure was significantly disturbed by the outflowing flow condition nearby Gu-ui, Ja-yang, and Pung-nap intake stations. Furthermore, the mean velocity was lowered by 25% and the stage upstream of Gu-ui station rose upto 1.5 cm compared with the result by exclusion of water intake. In case of no water withdrawal, the distribution of BOD concentration was parallel throughout the domain. However, when the water withdrawal is considered, the distribution of BOD concentration nearby the Gu-ui, Am-sa, and Ja-yang station was signifiantly changed. In addition, the BOD concentration including the intake stations showed higher value at the downstream of the reach due to the loss of the discharge by water withdrawal effect. It is concluded that both the inflow and outflow discharges from tributaries and water intake stations should be included in the numerical simulation to analyze the hydrodynamic behaviors and mixing characteristics more accurately.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2014

Purpose: This paper is aimed at analyzing the heating performance of the vertical closed loop type Geothermal Heat Pump System (GHPS) distributing the farm site and providing basic data of the GHPS. Method: Seedling greenhouse heating was made from October 2012 to May 2013. The seedling greenhouse was divided into 4 sectors (A, B, C and D zone, total $3,300m^2$) with different temperatures. It was heated from 5PM to 8AM, and during the night the greenhouse was covered by non-woven fabric thermal curtains along the upper 2m of the greenhouse for temperature maintenance. In order to analyze the heating performance of the GHPS, power consumption and operating time of the GHPS, inlet and outlet water temperature of the condenser, temperatures of each zone of the greenhouse, and ambient temperature were measured. Results: When operating only one heat pump unit, heat generated in the condenser decreased as the experiment progressed and power consumption increased correspondingly. However, the heating coefficient of performance decreased from 3.3 to 2.0 rapidly. Also, when operating two heat pump units, heat generated in the condenser decreased and power consumption increased. Heating coefficient of performance decreased from 4.5 to 3.7 rapidly. When the set temperature of the greenhouse was $13.7{\sim}20.1^{\circ}C$ and minimum ambient temperature was $-20.8{\sim}4.8^{\circ}C$, the annually accumulated heat and power consumption were 520,623 kW, 142,304 kW, respectively. Conclusion: When the set temperature of the greenhouse was $13.7{\sim}20.1^{\circ}C$ and the minimum ambient temperature was $20.8{\sim}4.8^{\circ}C$, the annually accumulated heat and power consumption were 520,623 kW, 142,304 kW, respectively. When operating only one heat pump unit, the heating COP was 2.0~3.3, and when operating 2 heat pump units, it was 3.7~4.5. If several heat pumps are installed in one GHPS, it is suggested that all heat pumps be operated except in special cases. Because the scale of the water pumps are set to the scale of when all heat pump units are operating, if even one unit is not operating, the power consumption will increase. That becomes the cause of COP decrease.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2015

Sky View Factor (SVF) is one of the urban morfometri parameters that impact on the Urban Heat Island (UHI). SVF analisys was conducted in the city of Jakarta to investigate the relationship between urban temperature with urban morfometri. Jakarta City is the most populous city in the world that has a surrounding area $66,152km^2$ and the total population around 23 million people. The population of the city is the sixth highest in the world today. SVF measurements done by taking pictures at the six stations that have different morphological characteristics namely (1) the narrow streets Apartment Cempaka Mas (JS ITC), (2) the width of the road Apartment Cempaka Mas (JL ITC), (3) in front of Colleges Kanisius (DKK), (4) in front of office Journalist of Indonesia (DKWI), (5) Utan Kayu (UK), and (6) Tambun (TB). SVF value is obtained from the photgraphic image. Taking pictures at the location using a Nikon D90 camera with a Nikon Fisheye Nikkor 10.5 mm 1 : 2.8 G ED, further processed through a global mapper program. Therefore, the SVF derived from the six stations that vary 0.21 to 0.78. Temperature measurement is done during daylight hours from 06:00 am to 18:00 pm during the Western Part of Indonesia (WIB). Measurements performed at three different times, namely working days (HK) regular holidays (HCB) national holidays (HCN). The results showed that the highest average temperature of $33.32^{\circ}C$, occurring at UK station (SVF=0.45) at the time of HCB. Meanwhile, the average low temperature of $31.22^{\circ}C$ occurred at JLITC station (SVF=0.42). The two-time occurred on ordinary holidays. Maximum temperature of $38.4^{\circ}C$ occurred in Utan Kayu station (SFV=0.45) that occurred at 11.00 hrs, normal holidays. Furthermore minimum temperature 24.5 occurred at Tambun station (SVF=0.78) at 06.00 hrs in the morning at the usual holidays and national holidays. In general, the results showed that areas with large SVF has a lower temperature compared with areas with smaller SVF. Though, are not the only factors that matter, but this research may show that an increase in temperature in the city of Jakarta. Therefore, it is necessary to mitigate the serious from the government or society.