• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2017

Objectives: Executive dysfunctions including working memory deficit have been suggested to be one of the major neuropsychological etiologies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the augmentative effects of working memory training on the behavioral problems, quality of life, and parental stress of medicated children with ADHD. Methods: Twenty-five children with ADHD, aged 9 to 19 years, who were being treated with ADHD medication, were included. The participants were trained with a commercially available and computerized working memory program ($Cogmed^{(R)}$) for 5 weeks without any alteration of their medication. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life measure, and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) were administered before training, and 4 weeks and 7 months after training, respectively. Results: After completing the training, the anxiety/depression, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, aggressive behavior, and externalizing problems scores in the CBCL were significantly reduced. The score on the Parent-child dysfunctional interaction in the PSI-SF was also decreased. However, the scores related to the quality of life were not changed. These changes were still observed 7 months after the training. Conclusion: Cogmed working memory training can be a promising training option for the additional improvement of behavioral problems and parental stress in medicated children with ADHD.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.482-487
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• 2010

주의력결핍-과잉행동장애(Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD)는 학령기 어린이의 가장 흔한 정신장애로 점차 증가하는 추세이다. ADHD 어린이들은 자극에 선택적으로 오래 집중하는 것을 어려워하고, 말이 많거나 허락 없이 자리에서 일어나고 뛰어다니며, 팔과 다리를 끊임없이 움직이는 등 활동 수준이 높다. 또한 충동적인 성향이 있어서 넘어지거나 사고를 당하는 경우도 많다. 이에 치과치료 시 행동조절, 구강위생, 외상 등의 문제를 예상할 수 있는 바, 치과의사의 관심이 증대되어야 할 필요가 있다. 본 증례는 ADHD로 진단받은 만 8세 여아로 약물진정 및 심리적인 행동조절법을 이용해 치과적 주소를 해결해 주었고, 문헌고찰을 통해 다소의 지견을 얻었다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.282-289
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 현재 주의력-결핍 및 과잉운동장애(Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 이하 ADHD)의 주요한 평가척도 중의 하나로서 이용되고 있는 한국아동인성검사(Korean Personality Inventory for Children, K-PIC)와 아동 ${\cdot}$ 청소년 행동평가척도(Korean Child Behavior Checklist KCBCL)의 임상적 타당도에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 피검자들은 ADHD의 하위 유형 중 주의력-결핍 우세형(ADHD-I)으로 진단된 환아 11명과 과잉 행동-충동 우세형 및 복합형(ADHD-H)로 진단된 환아 23명, 우울, 불안 등 정서적 문제로 진단(신경증 집단；N) 받은 정신과 외래 환아 16명, 정상아동 15명 등 총 65명이었다. 먼저 각 집단별로 분산분석을 실시하였고, 각각 행동 평정 척도의 변별력을 측정하기 위하여 판별분석을 실시하였다. 이 집단들의 K-PIC와 K-CBCL 결과들에 대한 전체(omnibus) F-검증 결과, K-PIC의 과잉행동(HPR) 척도와 K-CBCL의 주의집중문제(Attention Problems, 이하 AP) 척도들은 분산분석결과 유의한 차이를 보였다. 하지만 사후검증 결과, ADHD-I 집단과 ADHD-H 집단 그리고 신경증 집단 사이에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않는 반면, 그 세 집단은 모두 정상집단과 .05 유의도 수준 하에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 K-PIC의 과잉행동(HPR) 척도와 K-CBCL의 주의집중문제(Attention Problems) 척도의 경우, 기본적으로 임상군과 정상군을 구별하는데는 유용하지만 임상군내에서의 세부 진단을 위해 사용하는 데는 한계가 있음을 시사해준다. 또한 본 연구 결과 상대적으로 HPR 척도는 ADHD-H type을 감별하는 데 더 유용한 반면, K-CBCL의 AP 척도는 ADHD-I type을 감별하는 데 더 큰 강점을 갖는 것으로 보이나, HPR척도와 AP 척도 중 어느 하나만을 사용하는 것보다는 병행하여 사용하는 것이 더 바람직한 것으로 보인다. 특히 cut-off score 면에서 두 척도 중 어느 하나에서 T 점수 65점 이상 상승할 때 ADHD로 진단내리는 경우, 가장 효과적으로 정분류율(true positive rate；sensitivity)과 정배제율(true negative rate；specificity)을 조화시킬 수 있는 결정규칙이 되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 1995

본 연구에서는 ADHD로 진단된 5세에서 11세 연령 범위의 임상 환아 집단을 대상으로 부모 훈련과 약물(메칠펜)을 병행한 치료와 약물만을 단독으로 사용한 치료 효과를 비교하였다. 8주간의 부모 훈련과 약물 치료를 실시한 결과, ADHD 아동들이 학교나 가정에서 보이는 주의산만함, 충동성, 과잉활동성 등 문제 행동을 감소시키고 부모의 양육 스트레스를 감소시키는데 부모 훈련과 약물 치료를 병행하는 것이 약물치료를 단독으로 사용하는 것보다 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 약물 치료만을 사용한 경우, 부모가 평정한 아동의 문제 행동 잠수와 양육 스트레스 점수상에서는 거의 변화가 없는 반면, 교사의 평정치와 TOVA 검사의 Reaction Time과 Variability 점수가 비록 통계적으로 유의미하지는 않았으나 약물 치료후에 정상 범위로 감소되는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 결과는 메칠펜이 주의력 결핍 중상의 치료에 효과적일 수 있으나, ADHD 아동이 학교나 가정에서 보이는 문제 행동을 변화시키고 부모나 교사가 ADHD 아동에 대해 가지고 있는 부정적인 인식을 변화시킬 뿐만 아니라 부모들의 자녀양육 스트레스를 감소시키기 위해서는 부모 훈련이 반드시 필요하다는 점을 시사해 주었다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of attention, intellectual functioning and adaptation of girls with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods : The scores of the ADHD Diagnostic System (ADS), the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) and the Korean Personality Inventory for Children (KPI-C) were compared between 26 girls with ADHD and 26 boys with ADHD. Results : 1) There was no significant gender difference in the intellectual functioning, except for the picture completion subscale. 2) Compared to the boys, the girls responded more slowly on the ADS visual task. 3) The girls were rated higher by their parents for the depression and social relationship problems of the KPI-C. Conclusion : The results suggest that there are noticeable gender differences for the attention problems and social functioning of children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.307-313
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• 2011

Objectives : This study explored the clinical differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Methods : Participants were 49 children and adolescents with ages between 6 and 18 years. These subjects were placed into 2 groups: ADHD without DCD (24) and ADHD with DCD (25). We used several evaluation tools on both groups: the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version- Korean Version (K-SADS-PL), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-IIII), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC), and Bruininks-Osretsky Test of Motor (BOT-2). Results : Patients with both ADHD and DCD had a lower performance intelligence quotient and more internal and external behavioral symptoms than patients with ADHD but not DCD. It is possible that patients with ADHD and motor coordination problems should be noticed earlier and given intensive treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2023

Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and its associated societal responses are anticipated to have wide-ranging effects on youth development and mental health. Depression, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the three most common mental health problems among university students. Many factors that can threaten mental health during the outbreak affect these three conditions, as well as sleep conditions, in undergraduate students. Thus, determining how these abrupt changes in students' circumstances impact their mental health is very important from a public health perspective. Methods: We investigated the usual conditions and changes in ADHD symptoms during the outbreak, in relation to depressive and sleep-related symptoms among undergraduate students. A total of 252 students, primarily juniors, completed the online survey. Results: The results showed that 12% of the students exceeded the cut-off score of the ADHD questionnaire before the pandemic. Approximately 6%-21% of the university students, especially those with ADHD traits, rated their ADHD behaviors as worse during the outbreak than that before the outbreak. Conclusion: Female students and undergraduates with ADHD traits are more susceptible to experiencing further deterioration of ADHD (inattention) symptoms during the pandemic. In cases where it is difficult to intervene with ADHD symptoms, approaching circadian rhythm or depression will be of considerable clinical use.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.102-113
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among dietary behavior, meal balance, and clinical symptoms related nutritional status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in preschool children. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and the subjects were 3~6 years old preschool children in Samcheok. Subjects were divided into an ADHD dispositions group(n=88) and a normal group(n=129) based on assessments conducted by the children's mother using the Abbreviated Conners's Parent Rating Scale. There was no significant difference in meal frequency, meal speed, meal regularity or meal balance between children with ADHD dispositions and the normal groups. The ADHD disposition group had a higher proportion of children with picky eating(p<0.05), too much snacking(p<0.05) and over eating (p=0.05) habits than the normal group. In addition, the ADHD dispositions group had a higher frequency of clinical symptoms such as 'breathlessness when going up stairs', 'sleeplessness', 'anxiety' and 'tiredness'. Overall, there was a significant relationship between ADHD disposition and dietary problems and clinical symptoms related to poor nutritional status in preschool children. Therefore, to prevent and treat ADHD in preschool children, proper dietary management such as correcting of picky eating, over snacking and overeating is needed.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2002

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) is a childhood syndrome characterized by short attention span. impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, which often leadㄴ to learning disabilities and various behavioral problems. For the treatment of ADHD, medication and cognitive-behavior therapy is applied in recent yearn Although psycho-stimulant medication has been widely used for many rears. current findings suggest that, as the sole treatment for ADHD, it is an inadequate form of intervention in that parents don't want their child to use drug and the effects are limited to the period in which the drugs are physiologically active. On the other hand, EEG biofeedback treatment studies for ADHD have reported promising results not only in significant reductions in hyperactive, inattentive, and disruptive behaviors, but also improvements in academic performance and IQ scores. However it is too boring for children to finish the whole treatment. The recent increase in computer usage in medicine and rehabilitation has changed the way health care is delivered. Virtual Reality technology provides specific stimuli that can be used in removing distractions and providing environments that get the subjects'attention and increasing their ability to concentrate. VR technology can hold a patient's attention for a longer period of time than other methods can, because VR is immersive, interactive and imaginal. Based on these aspects, we developed Attention Enhancement System (AES) using VR technology, EEG biofeedback, and cognitive training method for enhancing attention and made a clinical trial to people who have attention difficulty and behavioral problems.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to determine whether a parenting education program using responsive teaching strategies is effective for parenting stress, maternal interactional behavior and behavioral problems in children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods: Participants in this study were 17 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by scores on the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. The parenting education program was developed based on Dr. Mahoney's responsive teaching curriculum. Mothers participated in the program once a week for 8 sessions. Treatment outcome was evaluated using the Korean version of the Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), parenting stress, maternal interactional behavior, and child pivotal developmental behavior. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney test, and regression analysis. Results: After the parenting education program, no significant difference in parenting stress (Z=-1.00, p=.320) was found, but there was a significant decrease in the child's internal behavior problems (Z=-2.05, p=.040), and also a significant improvement in maternal interactional behavior and a significant difference in child pivotal developmental behavior (Z=-2.67, p=.008). Conclusion: The results indicate that parenting education programs based on responsive teaching strategies are effective and that application of a program is recommended to prevent behavioral problems and improve maternal child interaction for children at risk for ADHD.