• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.223-236
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• 2020

In this study, a safety evaluation was conducted to confirm if the Enterococcus faecium CKDB003 strain obtained by selection from a mixed fermentation of fruit and milk is suitable for use as a probiotic. The MIC value for the 10 antibiotics specified in the EFSA guidance was below the acceptable cut-off value. The antibiotic resistance genes aac(6')-li, eatAv, and msr(C) exist by whole genome sequencing, but are in the chromosome and not in the plasmid, thus confirming that there is no possibility of transmission to other microorganisms. It was confirmed that cytolysin (cylA, cylB, cylI, cylL-l, cylL-s, cylM, cylR1, cylR2), aggregation substance (asa1, asp1), collagen adhesion (ace), enterococcal surface protein (esp), endocarditis antigen (efaA), hyaluronidase (hyl) and gelatinase (gelE) were not present in the genome by examining the genes of factors related to virulence. Also, the biochemical analysis showed no toxic enzyme activities, and no virulence genes were detected by the PCR method. Thus, the E. faecium CKDB003 strain can be safely used as a health functional food probiotic, based on the results of the safety assessment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.205-210
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• 1999

16brio cholerne is an important pathogenic organism that causes dimhea in human beings. V ciaoleroe KNIH002 was isolated from patients suffering with dian.heal disease in Korea. From Southern hybridization using the amplified PCR product of 307 bp as a probe. which was obtained from PCR reaction using primer detecting cholera toxin gene, we have found that the c b gene located in 4.5-kb fragmenl double digested with Pstl and BgllI of the chromosome. Therefore, we made mini-libraries of the isolate using PstI and Bgm restriction endonuclease and pBluescript SKU(+) vector. As a result. we cloned 4.5-kb PstI-BglII fragment containing the c a gene encoding a cholera toxin from the constructed mini-libraries of V olzolerae KNlH002 by colony hybridization using the same probes. This recombinant plasmid was named pCTX75. E. coii XL1- Blue harboring pCTX75 showed the cytotoxicity on Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. From the sequencing of he cloned recombinant plasmid, we confinned that it has virulence gene cassette consisting of ace, zot, ctx.4 and cf"~B gene. The ace and zot genes were composed of 291 hp and 1.200 bp with ATG initiation codon and TGA lennination codon, respectively. Nucleotide sequence of the ace gene exhibited 100% identity with that of V cholera E7946 El Tor Ogawa strains. But, nucleolide and amino acid sequence comparison of the zot gene exhibited 99% and 98.8% identity with that of V cholerae 395 Classical Ogawa stram, respectively. Specially. the Ala-100, Ala-272 and Ala-281 sites of Zoi polypeptide presented in V choleme 395 Classical Ogawa strain are replaced by Val in V cholerae KNIH002.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 1999

Recently some report has been published on the classification of Sasang constitution by analysis of genetic polymorphism. In this study, to present the ideas in the study on the classification of Sasang constitution based on the genetic variation of individuals, we reviewed the previous studies dealing with relationship between genetic polymorphism and Sasang constitution and suggested new molecular biological methodologies applicable to the classification of Sasang constitution. The results were as follow; 1. In the studies on the classification of constitution by analysis of genetic polymorphism, the special genes were desirable as subjects rather than the non-functional part of genome such as inter-gene and intron. Since microsatellite is usually located in inter-gene or intron, representation of constitutions may not associated with the polymorphism of certain microsatellite. 2. It may possible that polymorphism patterns of the genes related to the expression of individuality is associated with the types of Sasang constitutions. Therefore, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which known have some role in the determination the human performance is one of the candidate genes can use for the classification of Sasang constitutions. 3. It is well known that HLA types are very variable in human and closely associated with the determination of susceptibility for certain disease. The studies on the polymorphism of HLA types may applicable to the classification of Sasang constitutions. 4. DNA chip technique which developed recently for the analysis of the expression of human genes may powerful tools in the study of Sasang medicine.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1426-1436
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• 2004

There have been several reports on the relationship between G protein β3 subunit gene (GNB3), angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE), β3-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB3), and β2-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2) genotype and obesity or obesity related disease. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the combinations of these four genes' polymorphism and probability of obesity related disease in Korean female subjects. The experimental group was consisted of 85 obese Korean female subjects (body mass index, BMI≥27㎏/㎡). To determine the polymorphism, genomic DNA was isolated, and PCR was performed. Serological examinations (fasting plasma glucose, FPG; aspartate aminotranferase, AST; alanine aminotransferase, ALT; total cholesterol, TC; triglyceride, TG; high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL; low density lipoprotein-choles terol, LDL) were carried by an autoanalyzer and serological methods. BMI, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and waist hip ratio (WHR) were measured. Consequencely in the analysis with grouping of general genotyping and variant allele carrier/non-carrier, the result was not significantly different within all gene combinations and polymorphic pairings except higher waist circumference in Arg16Arg group of ADRB2 codon16 (P=0.024). And there was no significantly contrast result about age, height, weight, AST and ALT that are index feature of liver and gall bladder disease in polymorphic pairings of gene combinations. However, the statistical analysis of waist-hip ratio and waist circumference that could be recognized as the physical type of obesity showed T-Arg16 pairing carrier in GNB3-ADRB2 codon16 combination had increased WHR and WC significantly (P=0.046 and P=0.015 respectively). Futhermore, the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein choresteral (LDL) were significantly lower in C-I pairing of GNB3-ACE combination (P=0.032 and P=0.005). These results suggest that the T-Arg16 pairing carrier in GNB3-ADRB2 codon16 gene might have increased waist circumference and C-I pairing carrier in GNB3-ACE combination have lower possibility of contraction of cardiovascular disease related cholesterol and LDL despite of obese state.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 2010

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most successful pathogens to infect one third of world population. Th1-mediated immunity against Mtb infection is known as critical to express mycobacteriostatic function but it is not sufficient to resolve the infection. In this study, to verify the possibility Mtb itself change the gene expression to survive against host immune response, expression pattern of selected H37Rv genes, 16S rRNA, acr, fbpA, aceA, and ahpC, during the course of infection was measured with absolute quantitation method using real-time RT-PCR. The total number of transcripts of 16S rRNA increased during the course of infection, which was coincide with the increasing CFU. The total number of fbpA transcripts per CFU, which encode typical secreted Mtb antigen, Ag85A, increased for 10 days of infection before decreasing. The number of transcripts of acr per CFU, which encode heat shock protein, ${\alpha}$-crystallin, increased during the infection, and ahpC and aceA, they both are enzymes produced in oxidative stressful condition, increased for 20 days and then slightly decreased on day 30. These findings are one of survival strategy of pathogen evading host immune response lead to persistent infection inside host cells.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of genes that encode multi-drug efflux pumps and virulence factors in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from retail meat and antibiotic resistance patterns of these strains. Of the 277 retail meat samples, 93 Enterococcus faecalis were isolated. The strains exhibited resistance to ampicillin (35.5%), chloramphenicol (6.4%), ciprofloxacin (4.3%), erythromycin (18.3%), levofloxacin (0%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (76.3%), tetracycline (45.2%), teicoplanin (0%) and vancomycin (0%). The strains were positive for MFS type eme(A) (100%), ABC type efr(A) (100%), ABC type efr(B) (98.9%) and ABC type lsa (91.4%) efflux pump gene. The strains were positive for gelE (68.8%), ace (90.3%), asa1 (47.3%), efaA (91.4%) and esp (12.9%) virulence gene. This research will help to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of drug resistance among enterococci from retail meat. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor enterococcus spp. isolated from retail meat continuously.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

Objectives : This study used a network pharmacology approach to analyze the treatment mechanisms of Yijin-tang on Meniere's disease, and comparative analysis the treatment mechanisms of drugs recommended in the Meniere's disease treatment guidelines. Methods : We collected information on the recommended drugs from the Meniere's disease treatment guidelines and their target proteins were screened via the STITCH database. The intersection targets were obtained through Venny 2.1.0. Gene Ontology(GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway analysis were performed using ClueGO. Results : The 7 proteins(TNF, CASP9, PARP1, CCL2, CFTR, NOS2, NOS1) were associated with both Yijin-tang and Meniere's disease related genes. The 10 proteins(AQP2, KCNE1, AQP1, AVP, ACE, HRH1, HRH3, NOS1, CA1, CFTR) were associated with both the recommended drugs in the guidelines and Meniere's disease related genes. The 2 proteins(CFTR, NOS1) were common across all three groups. Further, GO/KEGG pathway analysis of the collected proteins revealed that the common mechanisms of action between Yijin-tang and the recommended drugs in the guidelines were related to pathways involving immune dysfunction and disturbances in lymphatic fluid homeostasis. In addition, the recommended drugs in the guidelines appeared to act through mechanisms that improve blood flow through vasodilation. Conclusions : Pharmacological network analysis can help to explain the treatment mechanisms of Yijin-tang on Meniere's disease.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1325-1335
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• 2013

Working dogs, such as rescue dogs, military watch dogs, guide dogs, and search dogs, are selected by in-training examination of desired traits, including concentration, possessiveness, and boldness. In recent years, genetic information has been considered to be an important factor for the outstanding abilities of working dogs. To characterize the molecular features of the canine genes related to phenotypes for working dogs, we investigated the 24 previously reported genes (AR, BDNF, DAT, DBH, DGCR2, DRD4, MAOA, MAOB, SLC6A4, TH, TPH2, IFT88, KCNA3, TBR2, TRKB, ACE, GNB1, MSTN, PLCL1, SLC25A22, WFIKKN2, APOE, GRIN2B, and PIK3CG) that were categorized to personality, olfactory sense, and athletic/learning ability. We analyzed the chromosomal location, gene-gene interactions, Gene Ontology, and expression patterns of these genes using bioinformatic tools. In addition, variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) or microsatellite (MS) polymorphism in the AR, MAOA, MAOB, TH, DAT, DBH, and DRD4 genes were reviewed. Taken together, we suggest that the genetic background of the canine genes associated with various working dog behaviors and skill performance attributes could be used for proper selection of superior working dogs.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2005

Corynebacterial clones which exert regulatory effects on the expression of the glyoxylate bypass genes were isolated using a reporter plasmid carrying the enteric lacZ fused to the aceB promoter of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Some clones carried common fragments as turned out by DNA mapping technique. Subcloning analysis followed by the measurement of $\beta-galactosidase$ activity in Escherichia coli identified the region responsible for the aceB-repressing activity. Sequence analysis of the DNA fragment identified two independent ORFs of ORF1 and ORF2. Among them, ORF2 was turned out to be responsible for the aceB-repressing activity. ORF1 encoded a 23,216 Da protein composed of 206 amino acids. Sequence similarity search indicated that the ORF may encode a ECF-type $\sigma$ factor and designated sigH. To identify the function of sigH, C. glutamicum sigH mutant was constructed by gene disruption technique and the sigH mutant showed growth retardation as compared to the wild type strain. In addition, the mutant strain showed sensitivity to oxidative-stress generating agent plumbagin. This result imply that sigH is probably involved in the stress response occurring during normal cell growth.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2016

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a viral disease causing severe economic losses on tomato. Practical prevention of the TYLCV disease is to control tabacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) or to cultivate TYLCV-resistant tomato cultivars, because no agrochemical products are available to control TYLCV. In this study, TYLCV resistance of the commercial tomato cultivars were evaluated using the DNA markers tightly linked to TYLCV resistance genes Ty-1 and Ty-3 and infection with the TYLCV clones mediated by Agrobacterium. In marker genotyping, resistance alleles were detected from 4 oval type tomato cultivars (Titichal, TY tinny, TY saengsaeng II, TY sense Q). Four cheery type cultiavrs (TY endorphin, TY smartsama, Tiara TY, Olleh TY) and 6 round type cultivars (TY kingdom, TY ace, TY homerun, TY altorang, Dotaerang TY winner, Styx TY). The seedling bioassay indicated that tomato cultivars of the oval type and cherry type showed consistancy in marker genotype and phenotype while slight disease symptom was observed from some round type cultivras (TY ace, TY homerun, Styx TY) with resistance marker genotype. For fruit yields, TY tinny was greater than its control cultivar Titichal in oval types, TY smartsama was greater than its control Smile in cherry type, and TY ace and TY kingdom were greater than their control Dabok. These cutliavrs can be a good choice for high-yielding TYLCV-resistant tomato cultivars.