• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.351-360
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• 2017

We have studied the technology to extend the storage period of 'Seolhyang' strawberries using modified atmosphere package (MAP) and ethyl pyruvate (EP) treatment for domestic distribution and export. The selected ripe strawberries harvested on December 28, 2016 at the Sancheong farmhouse were transported to the laboratory for 2 h and tested. After a day's precooling at $4^{\circ}C$, the strawberries were divided into seven experimental groups. These groups were control, active MAP using low density polyethylene (LDPE), active MAP using polyamide (PA), active MAP using PA with EP treatment, passive MAP using LDPE, passive MAP using PA and passive MAP using PA with EP treatment. Quality analysis was carried out every 4 days during the storage period of 16 days. During the storage period of 16 days, MAP decreased from 3.5% to less than 1.1% in weight loss ratio compared with control, and decreased from 36% to less than 7% in fungal incidence. In the case of fungi in the EP treatment group, hyphae did not grow on the outside of the strawberry but grew to the inside. This tendency was similar to that in the low oxygen and high carbon dioxide environment of the MAP, the mycelium of the fungus did not grow outside of the strawberry. Fungi are the biggest problem in the distribution and export of strawberries, and these results suggest that MAP alone could inhibit mold and increase shelf life.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.61-100
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• 1975

This study has been made to find out the possibilty of successfully using the following $K_2O$ recommended equation $K_2O\;kg/10a=(Ko/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}-Ks/\sqrt{Ca+Mg})sqrt{Ca+Mg}.\;47.\;B\;D$. where $Ko/sqrt{Ca+Mg}=0.03518+0.0007658\;Sio_2/O.M$. $K_Ssqrt{Ca+Mg}$=Exchangeable K me/100g/$\sqrt{Total\;soluble(Ca+Mg)me/100g\;in\;Soil}$ B. D. =Bulk density of top soil, when the dose of Nitrogen for rice is estimated from the following equation: $N\;kg/10a=(4.2+0.096\;SiO_2/O.M).F$ where $F=0.907+0.263x-0.013x^2$ $SiO_2/O.M=(available\;SiO_2=ppm)/(organic\;matter\;%)$in soil For this. two field experiments. one in sandy and the other in clay paddy soil. have been conducted using 3 levels of wollastonite (0, 500, 100kg/10a) as main treatments; 3 levels of $K_2O$ application were used as sub-plots. These were as follows : (1) 8kg of $K_2O$/10a regardless of the K activity-$K/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$; (2) kg of $K_2O$/10a estimated from the above equation. and (3) same as (2) above plus additional 30% of $K_2O$. The dose of N kg/ 10a was determined from the above equation based on the value of $SiO_2$/O.M. ratio in each treatment. There were three replications. The leading variety of rice in Chung Chong Nam Do area. Akibare (introduced from Japan) was used. The data obtained. through soil and plant analysis and growth and yield observations. have been throughly examined to attain the following summarized conclusions. 1. The nitrogen dose. estimated from the above equation. was in excess for optimum growth of the rice variety Akibare; indicating the necessity of modification onthe value of "F" or the constants in the equation. The concept of using $SiO_2$/O.M. in the equation was shown to be applicable. 2. The dose of potash. estimated from the respective equation given above. also was in excess of the rice requirements indicating the necessity of minor change in the estimation of $Ko/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ value and some great modification in the calculation of $Ks/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ value for the equation; however the concept of using $K/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ as a basis of $K_2O$ recommendation was shown to be quite reasonable. 3. It was found. from the correlation study using the data of paddy yield and amount of $K_2O$ absorbed by rice plants that the substitution of the value of $Ks/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ in the equation for the vaule $Ks/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}=0.037+0.78K\;me/100g$ soil was much more applicable than using the value calculated from the data of soil and wollastonite analysis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.235-243
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding rye silage on growth performance, blood and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. The total of eighteen($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) pigs($74.22{\pm}0.71kg$) were used for 49-day assay. Dietary treatments included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) S1(1.66% rye silage) and 3) S2(3.32% rye silage). In growth performance, from 4 to 7 weeks, average daily feed intake(ADFI) in pigs fed CON diet was higher than pigs fed S1 and S2 diets. Through the entire experimental period($0{\sim}7$ weeks), a ADFI in CON and S2 treatments was higher than S1 treatment (p<0.05). Serum cortisol concentration of pigs fed rye silage decreased significantly compared to pigs fed basal diet (p<0.05). The Hunter's $L^*$(lightness) value of loin in the pigs fed S2 diet was higher than that of loin in the pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05). The $b^*$(yellowness) value of loin in the pigs fed S1 and S2 diets were higher than CON treatment(p<0.05). Backfat thickness in CON treatment increased significantly compared to S1 and S2 treatments(p<0.05). Among fatty acid contents of lean meat, the contents of palmitic and stearic acids were significantly higher in CON than others(p<0.05), where as eicosenoic and linolenic acids were the highest in S2 treatment among treatments(p<0.05). Total SFA(saturated fatty acid) was the highest in CON(p<0.05) and S1 and S2 treatments were higher USFA/SFA(unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid) ratio than CON treatment. In fats, linolenic acid was higher in S2 treatment than those of S1 and CON treatments(p<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter in pigs fed S1 and S2 diets was greater than that of pigs fed CON diet(p<0.05) and S1 treatment was higher than others on digestibility of nitrogen(p<0.05). VFA(volatile fatty acid) emission from focal, measured after 1 day, increased significantly in pigs fed S1 and S2 diets(p<0.05). In conclusions, our results showed that feeding rye silage might be beneficial in decrease of cortisol concentration, hunter's $L^*$(lightness) value and $b^*$(yellowness), fatty acid contents, and nutrient digestibility. However, there should be more study on the relationship between feeding rye silagr and finishing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 1987

This study was conducted to examine the possibility of complete lodging. prevention, the growth and yield of the paddy rice plant by paciobutrazol 0.6%G application at 15 days before heading under the several levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 kg/10a) of nitrogen fertilizer in 1986. Culm length was shortened 10-15% by paclobutrazol application. The shortened rate of internode was very extreme on the 3rd and 4th internode in paclobutrazol application. Moment the height of center gravity and lodging index turned higher with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, on the other hand, those of paclobutrazol application were smaller than control. Lodging degree (0~4) was 1~3 above 25kg/10a level of nitrogen fertilizer in control, however, no more than 1 at 45kg/10a level of nitrogen fertilizer in paclobutrazol application. Ripened grain ratio and grain weight of paclobutrazol application were larger than those of control. Yield increased more 15-26% in paclobutrazol application than control. The nitrogen level of maximum yield was about 25kg/10a in control, but was 31kg/10a in paclobutrazol application.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.11
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• pp.1-9
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• 1972

For a measure against late transplanting, this experiment was conducted to investigate a reasonable seeding rate in nursery bed and a proper nursery size. The treatments applied to this experiment are as follows a) seeding rates: 0.2ι, 0.4ι and 0.6ι per 3.3$m^2$ b) nursery sizes. for 10a-field area: 39.6$m^2$, 49.5$m^2$ and 59.4$m^2$ c) transplanting dates: June 5, June 25 and July 15. The seeding date was April 26 and planting density was determined by the number of sound seedlings based on the combination of seeding rate and nursery size. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. In seedlings both increased nursery period and decreased seeding rate showed a remarkable-increase in plant height, number of leaves, dry matter weight and the ratio of dry weight to plant height. But their number of tillers and live leaves did not show such tendency. 2. Delayed transplanting date shortened culm length and panicle length as well as number of days from transplating to heading and it also delayed heading date. On the other hand the transplanting of 80-day seedlings resulted in premature heading. 3. As a result late transplanting reduced number of spikelets per panicle, maturing rate and 1000-grain weight. In the last analysis it linearly reduced grain yield. The decreasing rate of yield by late transplanting was 15.6% in June 25 plot and 41. 3% in July 15 plot, compared with the yield in June 5 plot. Such a remarkable decrease in yield of the extremely late transplanted plot was mainly due to markedly decreasing number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight. 4. Both increased seeding rate and nursery size gave a rise in number of tillers per unit area as well as number of transplanting hills but gave a fall in culm length and panicle length. 5. Accordingly, though thick seeded - dense planted plot increased number of panicles per unit area, decrease in number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight made no differences in yield between thick seeded - dense planted plot and thin seeded - sparse planted one. However, the yield in the thick seeded - dense planted plot transplanted on July 15 was reduced owing to the remarkable decrease in maturing rate and 1000-grain weight. 6. We came to the conclusion that as a measure against the extremely late transplanting the suitable seeding rate was 0.4ι per 3.3$m^2$ and the proper nursery size was 59.4$m^2$ for 10a-field area.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 1992

Two crystal structures of bromine sorption complexes of vacuum dehydrated Cd(ll)-exchanged zeolite A have been determined by single-crystal xray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1) ℃. Both crystals were ion exchanged in flowing streams of exchange solution In which mole ratio of Cd(NO3)2 and Cd(OOCCH3)B was 1:1 with a total concentration of 0.05 M. First crystal was dehydrated at 450℃ and 2 ×10-6 Torr for two days. Second crystal was dehydrated at 650℃ and 2 ×10-6 Torr for two days. Both crystals were then treated with 160 Torr for two days. Second crystal was dehydrated at 650℃ and 2 × 10-6 Torr for two days. Both crystals were then treated with 160 Torr of zeolitically dried bromine vapor at 24℃. Full-matrix least-squares refinements of toe first crystal(a: 12.250(1) A )· and the second crystal(a: 12.204(2) A ) have contecoed to final error indices, Rl:0.075 and Ra:0.079 with 212 reflections, and Rl : 0.089 and Ra = 0.078 with 128 reflections, respectively, for which I >3σ(I). Crystallographic analyses of both crystals show that six Cd2+ ions are located on two different threefold axes of unit cell associated with 6-ring oxygens. Each 4.5 Cd2+ ion is recessed ca.0. 441 A Into the large cavity to complex either with Brsor with Br3from the (111) plane of 0(3), whereas each 1.5 Cd2+ ions recessed ca. 0.678 A into we sodalite unit. Approximately 1.5 Br5-and 1.5 Br3-ions are sorbed per unit cell. Each Brsion interacts and stabilized by complexing with two Cd2+ ions and framework oxide ions, while each Br3ion interacts with one Cd2+ ion and framework oxide ions. Because of residual water molecules the following reactions may be occurred inside of zeolite cavity:

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.101-118
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• 2008

This paper reviews the present situation of Triticale cultivation and examines the potentiality of contribution to livestock as well as poultry sector in Bangladesh Agriculture. Triticale is a human-made cross between rye and durum wheat that has the ability to produce quality green fodder, and then re-grow after first and second cutting to produce grain. In Bangladesh, it is a non-traditional cereal that grows well during the cool and dry Rabi season (November-March) when fodder and feed scarcity is a major limiting factor for ruminant livestock. In Bangladesh Triticale was started to grow in the late Ninety's. The scientists of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) were first introduced triticale in Bangladesh. Still now the situation of Triticale is grown as fooder and feed in Bangladesh within the scientists under trial. High quality grass fodder was obtained by cutting green triticale plants twice, at 35 and 50 days after seeding, while later the ratooning tillers produced grain to a yield of 1.1-2.4 t/ha of grain for poultry feed or human food. Triticale straw was twice as nutritious as rice or wheat straw and its grain contained more protein than other cereals. Researchers and farmers have also successfully made triticale hay and silage from a mixture of triticale green cuttings, rice straw and molasses. A feeding trial at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute(BLRI), Savar station showed a large(46%) increase in cow live weight gain and a 36% increase in milk yield (but no change in milk quality or dry matter intake) in cows fed triticale silage compared with those fed rice straw over a period of nine weeks. In another feeding trial, it was found that triticale grain was a good replacement for wheat in the feed blend for chickens in Bangladesh. So it will be a good chance to alive our livestock as well as poultry sector if triticale enters to our existing cropping system as fodder cum grain. The challenge in Bangladesh is to identify fodder technologies that match existing small-scale farmer cropping patterns without needing major inputs or increasing risks. Preliminary field experiments revealed that triticale is a crop with good potential to produce quality fodder and grain for small scale farmers in Bangladesh.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 1991

The vertical distribution and chemical characteristics of water masses were measured along two south-north transects in the polar front region of the central Korean East Sea. In February, a thermocline was present at depth between 50m and loom at the southern sites of a landward A-transect, and its depth was gradually deepened northward. At an outside B-transect, a thermocline was observed at significantly deep depth of 300m to 400m at two northern stations(Stn. 10 and 11), though the depth of the southward stations was nearly identical to that at the northward stations on a A-transect. In September, there were vertically more various water masses, i.e. the Tsushima Warm surface water(TWSW) or more than $20^{\circ}C$, the Tsushima Middle water(TMW) with a range of $12{\~}17^{\circ}C$, the North Korea Cold Water(NKCW) with $1{\~}7^{\circ}C$ temperature, the Japan Sea Proper Water(JSPW) of less than $1^{\circ}C$, and the mixed water. The North Korea Cold Water could be distinguishable from the other waters, especially from the mixed water of the Tsushima Middle Water and the Japan Sea Proper Water by the pattern of $T-O_2$ diagram. For instance, the North Korea Cold Water had higher oxygen by $1{\~}2ml/l$ than those in the mixed water, although both the two water masses ranged $1{\~}7^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. AOU value was the highest in the JSPW and the lowest in the TWSW. Also, AOU indicated a nearly linear and negative correlation with water temperature. However, AOU data for two masses, the NKCW and the TMW, in September departed remarkably from a regression line. Moreover, the ratio of $$\Delta P/\Delta AOU)$ in September was about $0.45{\mu}g-at/ml$ and higher than the value observed in the open sea. This high value could be elucidated by two factors; intrusion of the NKCW with high oxygen and molecular diffusion of dissolved oxygen from the surface into the lower layer. AOU would be a useful tracer for water masses in the polar front area of the Korean East Sea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.330-341
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary habits, food intakes, nutrient intakes, and diet quality of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a health screening and promotion center. Methods: The total number of study subjects was 10,111 adults, where 3087 subjects (30.5%) were diagnosed as NAFLD. The dietary intakes were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. They were then compared with the dietary reference intakes could be used in the future for development of diet and nutrition guidelines s (KDRIs). Results: Mean age of subjects in the normal group was $52.9{\pm}10.3yrs$ and body mass index (BMI) was $22.4{\pm}2.6kg/m^2$, and those of the NAFLD group were $55.1{\pm}9.2yrs$ and $25.4{\pm}2.9kg/m^2$. BMI, blood pressure of the NAFLD group were significantly higher than those of the normal group. The rates of skipping breakfast, overeating, and eating out were significantly could be used in the future for development of diet and nutrition guidelines er in the NAFLD group (p < 0.05, p < 0.000, p < 0.000 respectively). The speed of eating was fast in the NAFLD group (p < 0.000). The NAFLD group consumed significantly higher amounts of grains, meats, fish, seaweeds, kimchies, sugars, sweets, coffee, teas, and oils compared to the normal group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, intakes of starch products, fruits, milk, and milk products were significantly lower in the NAFLD group compared with those of the normal group (p < 0.05). Riboflavin, calcium, and dietary fiber nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of the NAFLD group were significantly lower than those of the normal group. The Korean's dietary diversity score (KDDS) of the NAFLD group was lower than that of the normal group. Conclusion: In conclusion, we suggest that diet guidelines, such as increasing the intake of calcium and dietary fiber, reducing the intake of energy, fat, and simple carbohydrates, are necessary to improvement of NAFLD. The results could be used in the future for development of diet and nutrition guidelines for NAFLD.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.377-386
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• 2003

A study was conducted to evaluate seasonal variations in chemical composition of food waste (FW) and its feeding effects on growth performance and pork quality in finishing pigs. FW was collected for 1 year (6 times a month) to establish a database for use of FW as a feed ingredient. For a feeding trial (8 weeks), a total of 117 pigs ${\times}$D; 54.80$\pm$4.60kg) were used to evaluate the processing effects of FW. Treatments were: Control (a corn-soybean meal diet without FW), simple dried FW (SD) and vacuum fermented FW (VF). The gross energy, crude protein, crude fat, ash, calcium and phosphorus in FW (DM, average of 4 seasons) were 5,111kcal/kg, 22.92%, 14.31%, 15.48%, 2.7% and 1.05%, respectively. Among seasons, the energy and crude protein contents were the highest (p<0.05) in winter and summer, respectively. In lactic acid bacterial counts, there was no difference between SD and VF. Pigs fed the control diet grew faster (p<0.05) than those fed diets containing food wastes, but not feed conversion ratio. There were no differences in production traits between SD and VF. No differences were also found in dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and pork quality (color, drip loss and TBARS) among treatments. The feed cost (￦/kg body weight) was lower in pigs fed FW than those fed a control diet. In conclusion, a pelleted diet containing food waste less than 20% would reduce feed cost in finishing pigs. However, it seems that a vacuum fermentation of food waste is not necessary for diet processing.