• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate microleakage of six current dentin bonding systems. In this in vitro study, class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of thirty extracted human molars. Each margin was on enamel and dentin/cementum. Experimental teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 5 each. Group 1 : Scotchbond Multi-Purpose; Group 2 : Single Bond; Group 3 : Prime&Bond NT ; Group 4 : Clearfil Liner Bond 2 ; Group 5 : MAC Bond II ; Group 6 : One-up Bond F. The bonding agent and composite resin were applied to class V cavities according to manufacturer's directions. After thermocycling, the specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye solution for 6 hours and sectioned longitudinally through the center of the restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The degree of microleakage was measured as the extent of dye penetration under the stereomicroscope at $\times$20. The data were analyzed using one way ANOVA. When significant differences found. multiple comparisons were made using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In all groups, leakage value seen at the enamel margin was significantly lower than that seen at the dentin margin(P<0.001). 2. At the enamel margin, none of the dentin bonding systems used in this study showed statistically significant difference in leakage values(P<0.05). 3. At the cementum margin, group 3 showed the highest leakage value, and others were decreased as group 5, 6, 4 in that order, and group 1, 2 showed the lowest leakage value. There was statistically significant difference between group 3 and the other groups except for group 5(P<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.304-315
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of light cured glass ionomer restorative materials in class 5 cavities. In this in vitro study, class 5 cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of forty extracted human premolars and molars on cementum margin. These specimen were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each : Group 1 was Fugi II (control), Group 2 was Fugi II LC, Group 3 was Vitremer, and Group 4 was Dyract. Group 2 was also divided once more into 2 groups of 5 each : Group 2-1 was pretreated with dentin conditioner and Group 2-2 was not. All teeth were restored according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 500 thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, the 40 teeth were placed in 2 % Methylene blue dye for 24hr, then rinsed with tab water. The specimen were embedded in clear resin, then sectioned buccolingually through the center of restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimen were then observed with a stereomicroscope at 20. The results of the study were statistically analyzed using the Student-Newman-Keuls Methods and the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test. Tooth restorative interfaces were evaluated using SEM analysis. Results were as follows, 1. Compared to conventional glass ionomer restoratioqs, all light cured glass ionomer restorations were fairly resistant to microleakage (P<0.05). 2. Groups 3 (Vitremer) and Group 4 (Dyract) were found to be the most resistant, Group 2 (Fugi II LC) fairly resistant, and Group 1 (Fugi II) least resistant to microleakage(P<0.05). 3. No significant differences were found between Group 2-1 and Group 2-2 (P>0.08). 4. With the backscattered SEM analysis, the degrees to which tight bonding occurred were also observed in all the groups except for Group 1. Group 4 showed the highest degree of tight bonding than any other materials used in this study.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.55-72
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• 1993

The aim of this study was to compare the marginal leakage of class II light curing composite resin restoration according to filling methods. With using acid etching technique and dentin bonding agent, various methods were suggested to eliminate or reduce the marginal leakage. In this study, class II cavities were prepared in 100 extracted human premolars with cementum margin(1mm below the CEJ) and the teeth were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 20 teeth each. The teeth in group 1, 2, 3 and 4 were restored by direct filling methods using P-50 and Clearfil Photoposterior of 10 teeth each, but the method of insertion of the restorative materials varied with each group. And the teeth in group 5 were restored by inlay method using Kulzer Inlay and CR Inlay. Filling methods are as follows : Group 1 : The composite resin was inserted in one layer in the proximal box and one layer in the occlusal portion. Group 2 : Insertion was in two equally thick horizontal layers in the proximal box. Group 3 : Insertion was in two diagonally placed layers in the proximal box. Group 4 : The composite resin was inserted in the same way as in group 3 except that a glass ionomer liner was first placed on the axial wall and gingival floor. Group 5 : The teeth were restored by Inlay technique using dure cure resin cement. All the teeth were thermocycled, stained with 1 % methylene blue solution, sectioned mesiodistally, and scored for marginal leakage. To compare the marginal leakage, ANOVA and T-test were used in analysis. The following results were obtained : 1. In direct filling methods, there was no significant difference in marginal leakage at both occlusal and cervical margins. 2. In all groups, occlusal margin showed significantly less leakage than cervical margin. 3. In group using glass ionomer liner, there was no significant reduction of marginal leakage at the cervical margin. 4. The group restored by inlay method showed significantly less marginal leakage than groups restored by direct filling methods at both occlusal and gingival margins. 5. There was no significant difference in each group according to filling materials.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.69-81
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toothbrush abrasion characteristics of class V restorations. Thirty extracted human premolars, which were collected from oral surgery clinics were used. We mounted five teeth in a metal ring mold of 50 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height using chemically cured acrylic resin. Class V cavities were prepared in lingual cervical root surfaces and restored using one of following restorative materials : Dentin Conditioner/Fuji II LC (Group FL), All Bond II/Z-250 (Group ZT), One-up Bond F/Palfigue Estelite (Group PE), F2000 Primer/Adhesive (Group FT), and Prime & Bond 2.1/Dyract AP (Group DR). They were stored under distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for seven days. The toothbrush abrasion test was conducted using a wear testing machine of pin-on disk type under a load of 1.5 N for 100,000 cycles. We have examined the bonded interfaces, the changes of surface roughness and color of abraded surfaces. From this experiment, the following results were obtained. 1. The change of surface roughness showed high degree: RMGIC>compomer>composite resin (p<0.05). 2. Because of the protrusion and missing of filler particles, SEM observation of abraded surfaces of RMGIC and compomers revealed the increase of surface roughness due to the selective removal of matrix resin. 3. The color change by toothbrush abrasion was affected in large part by the change of $L^*$ and $b^*$ of resin composites (p<0.05). 4. The color change by toothbrush abrasion was so small to detect by human eyes. 5. SEM observation of abraded surfaces revealed the interface bonding was the best in the FT group.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2008

5세대 상아질 접착제인 Adper Single bond 2.0 (3M-ESPE, USA), 6세대 상아질 접착제인 Prompt L-pop (3M-ESPE, USA), AdheSE (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) 를 각 상아질 접착제당 30개의 건전한 소구치 및 대구치를 선정하여 협면과 설면에 5급와동을 형성하고 복합레진을 적용하였다. 이중 절반은 열순환을 시행하지 않고 나머지 절반은 열순환을 시행하였다. 이후 메틸렌 블루를 침투시켜 시약의 침투 정도를 측정한 후 통계분석하였다. 열순환을 시행하지 않은 군과 열순환을 시행한 군을 통틀어 열순환을 시행하지 않은 상아질 군에서만 Single Bond 2.0의 미세누출의 양이 Prompt L-Pop과 AdheSE에 비하여 높았고 (p <.05) 나머지 군에서는 모두 Single Bond 2.0의 미세누출의 양이 적었다. (p <.05) 열순환 이후에 미세누출의 양이 늘어난 군은 Prompt L-Pop과 AdheSE의 상아질 군이었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.41-45
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of compomers. In this in vitro study, class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of thirty extracted human premolars and molars on cementum cervical margin. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into five groups of six samples (12 surfaces) each, Group 1 : Dyract AP, Group 2 : F2000 compomer(non-etch), Group 3 : F2000 compomer(etch), Group 4 : Elan, Group 5 : Compoglass. The bonding agents and compomer were applied for each group following the manufacturer's instructions. After 500 thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, the 30 teeth were placed 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours then rinsed with tab water. The specimens were embedded in clear resin, then sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimen was observed with a stereomicroscope. The results of study were statistically analyzed using the Student-Newmann-Kaul' s Test. The results were obtained as follows. 1. All compomer restoration systems did not completely prevent marginal leakage. 2. In enamel margin, F2000 compomer(etch) group showed lower leakage value than other systems. Elan and Compoglass groups showed lower leakage value than Dyract AP and F2000 compomer(non-etch) groups (p<0.05). 3. In cementum margin, F2000 compomer(etch) and F2000 compomer (non-etch) groups showed lower leakage value than other systems. Dyract AP and Elan groups showed lower leakage value than Compoglass group (p<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.191-205
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of class II composite resin inlays and compare them with the conventional light-cured resin filling restorations. Class II cavities were prepared in 60 extracted human molars with which cervical margins were located below 1.0mm at the cemento-enamel junction using No. 701 tapered fissure carbide bur. All of the prepared cavities were restored as follows and divided into 6 groups. Group I and 2 were restored using direct filling technique and group 3,4,5 and 6 were restored using direct inlay technique that was cemented with dual-cured resin cements. group I: Cavities were restored with light-curing composite resin, Brilliant Lux. group 2. Cavities were restored with light-curing composite resin, Clearfil PhotoPosterior. group 3: Cavities were restored with Clearfil CR Inlay and heat treated at $125^{\circ}C$ for 7 minutes. group 4: Cavities were restored with same material as group 3 and heat treated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 15 minutes. group 5: Cavities were restored with Brilliant (Indirect esthetic system) and heat treated at $125^{\circ}C$ for 7 minutes. group 6: Cavities were restored with same material as group 5 and heat treated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 15 minutes. All specimens were polished with same method and thermocycled between $6^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$, then immersed in a bath of 2.0% aqueous solution of basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours. Dyed specimens were sectioned longitudinally and dye penetration degree was read on a scale of 0 to 4 by Tani and Buonocore's method 45). The results were as follows: 1. Microleakage was observed rather at the cervical margins than at the occlusal margins in all groups. 2. Composite resin inlay groups showed significantly less leakage than direct filling groups at the cervical margins (p < 0.001). 3. In composite resin inlay groups, there was no significant difference in microleakage between specimens by heat treating temperature and time (p > 0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in leakage between each groups at the occlusal margins (p > 0.05).

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.370-377
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• 2018

이번 연구의 목적은 12세 이하의 아동의 제1대구치 복합레진 수복물에 관하여 후향적 연구를 하여 재수복률을 평가하고자 함에 있다. 이번 연구는 2014년 5월부터 2015년 4월까지 경희대학교 치과병원 소아치과를 내원하여, 제1대구치에 복합레진 수복을 진행한 12세 이하의 환자 169명의 재수복률과 그 원인을 분석하였다. 재수복률은 성별에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 제1대구치의 위치에 따라서 상악보다는 하악이 그리고 우측보다는 좌측에서 재수복률이 높았다. 와동의 종류에 따라서 2급 와동에서 가장 재수복률이 높았고, 교합면만 수복한 경우 재수복률이 가장 낮았다. 2년간의 재수복률은 14.8%로 나타났으며, 연령이 증가함에 따라 재수복의 위험도는 감소하였다. 재수복의 가장 주된 원인은 이차우식(74.1%)이었다. 아동의 영구치 복합레진 수복물의 재수복률은 성인 보다 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 영구치의 맹출도, 환자의 협조도 및 구강위생 관리능력이 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료되었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2002

고동아말감수복시 프라이머 및 상아질접착제의 변연봉쇄효과를 비교검토하기 위하여 발거된 소구치 100개의 치아 협면에 5급 와동을 형성하고 대조군과 실험군으로 나누어 $Copalite^{(R)}$와 프라이머 및 상아질접착제를 적용하였다. 고동아말감합금인 $Luxalloy^{(R)}$로 충전한후 변연누출의 정도를 측정하고 주사전자현미경을 이용해 치질과 아말감과의 경계면을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 교합측과 치은측에서 실험군은 모두 대조군보다 유의하게 적은 변연누출을 보였다(p<0.05). $Copalite^{(R)}$를 적용한 군은 나머지 실험군에 비해 많은 변연누출을 보였다(p<0.05). 2. 모든 실험군의 변연누출은 치은측이 교합측보다 많았다. 3. 산부식 처리, 프라이머 적용후 접착제사용 및 프라이머와 접착제의 혼합사용이 변연누출에 영향을 미치지 못하였다(p>0.05). 4. 주사전자현미경 소견에서는 대조군과 $Copalite^{(R)}$를 적용한 군에서 아말감과 와동벽사이에 연속적인 틈이 관찰되었으나, 나머지 실험군에서는 틈이 프라이머나 접착제층으로 채워져 있었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 고동 아말감합금의 사용시에 프라이머나 상아질접착제가 변연누출방지에 효과적이며, $Copalite^{(R)}$는 변연누출방지에 비효율적이다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2009

Purpose: The non-carious cervical lesion(NCCL) is a loss of tooth structure at the neck of affected teeth that is unrelated to tooth caries. The reported prevalence of NCCL varies from 5% to 85%. Prevalence and severity of lesions have been found to increase with age. They are becoming more significant as people live longer and become more aware of the importance of oral health. The purposes of this study were first, to examine the periodontal conditions associated with NCCL, and second, to investigate the clinical effects of class V restorations of NCCL on periodontal tissues. Materials and methods: The sample size was 982 teeth of 50 subjects(25 male, mean age $52{\pm}7$) who were seen at the Department of Periodontology, Pusan National University Hospital. At the baseline examination, clinical periodontal parameters were measured. After the initial examination, 24 patients who were absent from hypersensitivity were selected. The teeth with NCCL were randomly divided into the test and control groups. The teeth in the test group were restored with flowable resin; the control teeth were not restored. Six months later, the clinical examinations were repeated. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: The results were as follows: 1) NCCL occurred on 45.8% of examined teeth. The percentage of affected teeth was higher in maxillary and premolar teeth. 2) The shallow saucer type was the most common. 3) Teeth with NCCL had more gingival recession, lower attachment level, and higher incidences of bleeding on probing(BOP) and plaque than NCCL-free teeth. 4) Six months later, gingival recession, attachment level, the percentages of BOP and plaque in the test group were lower than in the control group(p<0.05). Conclusion: NCCLs were more found in maxillary teeth, especially in premolar teeth. The results suggest that the restoration of NCCL could affect some periodontal parameters favorably.