• 아동학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate young children's nonsymbolic magnitude comparison ability according to ratio limit and task condition. Methods: The participants included 40 3-year-old children, 42 4-year-old children, and 41 5-year-old children recruited from 4 childcare centers located in Seoul, Korea. All magnitude comparison tasks were composed of image material tasks and concrete material tasks. In addition, each magnitude comparison task varied with the ratio of the two quantities; 0.5 ratio, 0.67 ratio, 0.75 ratio. Results and Conclusion: The results revealed that 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children could perform nonsymbolic magnitude comparison tasks without learning experiences. Also, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children could perform concrete material tasks better than image material tasks in nonsymbolic magnitude comparison tasks. Furthermore, children's performance on nonsymbolic magnitude comparison tasks indicated the ratio signature of the approximate number system. Children have a degree of numerical capacity prior to formal mathematics instruction. Also, children were influenced by task conditions or sense stimulus when they processed numerical information. Furthermore, the approximate number system can be used in understanding the ordinality of number.

• 아동학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.255-270
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• 2006

The present study applied the research of Endres(2003) to investigate understandings of theory of mind by 3- and 4-year-olds based on false belief, perspective taking, and intention. Participants were 86 3- and 96 4-year-old children in three kindergartens. Individual interviews were conducted for each task. Results showed that 4-year-olds scored higher than 3-year-olds on all three variables. Both 3- and 4-year-olds scored highest on perspective taking and lowest on intention. These results suggest that children's understandings of the theory of mind are still developing between 3 and 4 years of age and that their understanding of intention develops more slowly than false belief and perspective taking.

• 아동학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.171-188
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• 2000

The level of representation, exploration and artistry by age and sex was examined in twenty children in each of 4-, 5-, and 6-year old groups attending an early education facility in Pundang City, Kyong'gi Province. Evaluation was by the scoring system used in the Project Spetrum(Krechevsky, 1994) with children's drawings of an animal, person, imaginary animal and 3D work with clay. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Duncan test. The level of representation was lower than exploration and artistry in the 4-year-old groups. Level of artistry was lower than representation and exploration in the 5-and 6-year-old groups. The older children and girls showed higher scores than the younger children and boys in representation and exploration. There were differences between 4-and 5-year old children in artistry development.

• 아동학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2013

The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the differences in the level of children's knowledge and reasoning skills due to the sloping phenomenon according to their ages and the types of tasks they were asked to perform, and (2) to investigate whether children's prior knowledge is changed to post knowledge through their reasoning. A total of 120 subjects, forty from each of the age groups 4, 6 and 8 were selected for the study. The major findings are presented below : 8-year old children showed higher levels of prior knowledge than 6-year old children. The prior knowledge level of the "size" task was higher than that of the "weight" task. 6-and 8-year old children showed higher levels of reasoning than 4-year old children. The reasoning level of the "size" task was higher than that of the "weight" task. 6-and 8-year old children showed higher levels of post knowledge than 4-year old children. However, there was no difference in children's post knowledge according to task difference. Through the different types of reasoning involved in the children's performances of the two tasks, changes in the prior knowledge of the sloping phenomenon were observed among all age groups.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of three factors - children's age, sex and parental feeding styles - on children's self-help skills. The subjects were 213 children and their parents who lived in Kwanak-ku, Seoul. The three-way analysis of variance was employed. The main results were as follows: 1. Children's autonomy was varied significantly according to their sex. Girls do better by themselves than boys do in toileting, washing and drying hands, putting on and buttoning up a coat, putting on clothes, washing and drying their faces. Children's autonomy also varied significantly according to age. A majority of the autonomy subsets increased as the children's ages increased. However, drying their hands with a towel, removing their coats, and drinking water did not vary by age. 2. Children's autonomy also varied significantly according to their parents' feeding style. A responsive feeding style encouraged children to drink water by themselves. 3. The group with the highest score in self-help skills in toileting was 6-year-old girls, and the group with the lowest score was 3-year-old boys. Additionally, the groups with the highest scores in toileting were 4-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated a neglective feeding style, 5-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated an authoritative feeding style, 5-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated a responsive feeding style, 3-year-old boys whose parents demonstrated a responsive feeding style and 6-year-old boys whose parents demonstrated a neglective feeding style. Conversely, the groups with the lowest scores in toileting were 3-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated an authoritarian feeding style, 5-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated a neglective feeding style, and 3-year-old and 6-year-old boys whose parents demonstrated an authoritarian feeding style. 4. The group with the highest score in removing their coats was girls whose parnets demonstrated authoritative, responsive or neglective feeding styles. The group with the lowest score in removing their coats was boys whose parents demonstrated authoritative or neglective feeding styles.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.111-124
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of children's elementary school entrance age and sex on cognitive and social abilities. The subjects were 80 the same number was slected by elementary school entrance age(5-year and 6-year) and sex. Their cognitive and social abilities were measured by Intelligence Maturity Test and Revised Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. The data were statistically analyzed including descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance. The results were as follows: 1) 6-year-old children had higher perceptive ability of sameness and calculation ability than 5-year-old children. Girls also had higher IQ and language concept than boys, 2) 6-year-old children's communication socialization and total social ability were higher than those of 5-year old children Girls' communication and total social ability were higher than those of boys. The implication was that it would be important to consider children's social ability if their entrance age were decided. In addition Early Entrance to Elementary School system should be reconsidered in the point of childer's developmental adaptation.

• 아동학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2003

This study investigated age differences in children's expression of pride and shame by their age, and type and level of task difficulty when they succeeded of failed on tasks. The subjects were 55 4-year-old children from 2 day-care centers and 37 7-year-old children from I elementary school. Each child participated in pride and shame assessment sessions. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, t-test, paired t-test, Pearson's correlations. When they succeeded on tasks, 4-year-olds showed more pride than 7-year-olds. More pride was shown when subjects succeeded on difficult than on easy tasks. An interaction effect for pride was found between age, and type and level of task difficulty. Seven-year-olds showed more shame than 4-year-olds when they failed on tasks. More shame was shown when subjects failed on easy than on difficult tasks. The expression of pride was positively related to the expression of shame.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-31
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• 2001

The main purpose of this study was to explore the development of knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction and the perspective-taking ability and to examine its relation. The subjects were 104 children, 13 boys and 13 girls each at the age of 3, 4, 5, and 6. The performance of four age groups were compared on illusion appearance-reality, color appearance-reality, perceptual perspective-taking, and cognitive perspective-taking tasks. The data were collected by individual testing and analyzed by the two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The major results were as follows. 1. In children's understanding of the appearance-reality distinction, significant differences were found between 3-year-olds and 4-year-olds, and 5-year-olds and 6-year-olds. While between 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds showed no such differences. Besides, gender did not affect the children's understanding of the appearance-reality distinction. 2. There was significant difference in performance according to the type of tasks. That is 3-year-olds perform better illusion appearance-reality distintion than color appearance- reality distintion, while 4, 5, 6 year old children's performance of color appearance-reality and illusion appearance-reality distinction showed no difference. 3. In children's ability of perceptual perspective-taking, significant difference was found between 3, 4, 5-year-olds and 6-year-old children. And in ability of cognitive and perspective-taking, significant difference was found between 3, 4-year-olds and 6-year-old children. Besides, gender did not affect the children's perceptual and cognitive perspective-taking. 4. The color appearance-reality distinction and perceptual perspective-taking showed significant correlation. That is, the children of high grade for perceptual perspective-taking were better understanding of color appearance-reality distinction.

• 아동학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.229-242
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate young children's nonsymbolic arithmetic ability according to task difficulty. The participants in this study comprised 43 2-year-old children and 48 4-year-old children recruited from 5 childcare centers located in Seoul, Korea. All tasks were composed of comparison, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division tasks. In addition, each arithmetic task varied with the ratio of the two quantities; low level(1:2), middle level(2:3), high level(4:5). The results revealed that 2 & 4-year-old children could perform a large numerical range of nonsymbolic arithmetic tasks without influences from previously learned mathematics. This finding suggests that children have a degree of numerical capacity prior to symbolic mathematics instruction. Furthermore, children's performance on nonsymbolic arithmetic tasks indicated the ratio signature of large approximate numerical representation. This result implies that large approximate numerical representation can be used in arithmetical manipulations.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.137-146
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the expectations of mothers and teachers regarding development of three-year-old children and to analyze factors influencing the expectations. The results of this study showed that the mothers held higher expectations than the teachers regarding development of their children in all areas. Maternal expectations differed depending on the ages of the mothers and their children's birth order. Teaching experience with three-year-old children also made differences in the teacher's expectations. Implications to parent education and suggestions for future studies were provided.