• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1997.06a
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• pp.223-228
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• 1997

The gas dynamics in a stagnation point upflow OMVPE reactor were studied by Raman spectroscopy. The gas temperature was measured as a function of inlet gas velocity and aspect ratio for both H$_2$ and N$_2$ carrier gases. The centerline temperature gradient was latger at higher inlet velocities and with the use of N$_2$, and only weakly dependent on the aspect ratio. a tracer molecule, CH$_4$, was used to investigate the steady state behavior of reactants in the reactor, and the use of a sweeping flow was found to be a suitable method for preventing wall deposition. The transient switching response of the gas manifold was also investigated. Under certain conditions (low velocities, unmatched flows) recirculation flows were apparent. Numerical calculations of the reactor gas dynamics gave reasonable agreement with experimental results when detailed thermal boundary conditions were included.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.239-247
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• 2008

Let $I{\in}C^{1,1}$ be a strongly indefinite functional defined on a Hilbert space H. We investigate the number of the critical points of I when I satisfies two pairs of Torus-Sphere variational linking inequalities and when I satisfies m ($m{\geq}2$) pairs of Torus-Sphere variational linking inequalities. We show that I has at least four critical points when I satisfies two pairs of Torus-Sphere variational linking inequality with $(P.S.)^*_c$ condition. Moreover we show that I has at least 2m critical points when I satisfies m ($m{\geq}2$) pairs of Torus-Sphere variational linking inequalities with $(P.S.)^*_c$ condition. We prove these results by Theorem 2.2 (Theorem 1.1 in [1]) and the critical point theory on the manifold with boundary.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.17
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• pp.339-344
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• 1997

DOHC gasoline engine(4-cylinder in line type, 1600cc) is modified for the experiment to develope an alternative fuel. The modified engine is tested with the various combination of gasoline and methanol. Pollutant emissions of CO and HC are measured at the end of exhaust manifold. The concentration of CO and HC in exhaust gas is greatly reduced with the increase of coolant temperature of engine. HC concentration is reduced until methanol content reaches to thirty percent and then increased with the volumetric percentage of methanol in fuel. On the other hand, the concentration of CO is reduced as the methanol centent is increased up to 20 percent and then it becomes constant even though the methanol content is raised. The effect of engine RPM on the HC and CO exhaust is investigated. HC concentration is reduced as the engine RPM is increased but the typical trends of variation are not found in the measured value of CO concentrations.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.324-329
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• 2004

As a new concept in engines and a power source for future automotive applications, the HCCI(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine has been introduced. Essentially a combination of spark ignition and compression ignition engines, the HCCI engine exhibits low NO$_x$ and PM emissions as well as high efficiency under part load. In this research, a 4 cylinder diesel engine was converted into a HCCI engine, and propane was used as the fuel. The main parameters for this research are fuel flow rate and the temperature of the intake manifold, and the effects of such on a HCCI engine's performance and exhaust was investigated.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.799-808
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• 1999

We investigate when the .product of two smooth manifolds admits a weakly Lagrangian embedding. Assume M, N are oriented smooth manifolds of dimension m and n,. respectively, which admit weakly Lagrangian immersions into $C^m$ and $C^n$. If m and n are odd, then $M\;{\times}\;N$ admits a weakly Lagrangian embedding into $C^{m+n}$ In the case when m is odd and n is even, we assume further that $\chi$(N) is an even integer. Then $M\;{\times}\;N$ admits a weakly Lagrangian embedding into $C^{m+n}$. As a corollary, we obtain the result that $S^n_1\;{\times}\;S^n_2\;{\times}\;...{\times}\;S^n_k$, $\kappa$>1, admits a weakly Lagrang.ian embedding into $C^n_1+^n_2+...+^n_k$ if and only if some ni is odd.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.34-41
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• 2000

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) with diesel particulate filter(DPF) on heavy duty diesel engine. The exhaust gas was recirculated to the intake manifold after the smoke was eliminated in the DPF, The major conclusions of this research are i)at each engine speed EGR ratio was able to 60% maximum ii) the amount of NOx emissions was decreased to 90% at high engine load and to more than 60% at low engine load and iii) the amout of NOx emissions was increased to five times according to the increase of engine load but the effect of EGR is more effective at high engine load.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2008

Young children have manifold potentialities. As any teacher or parent knows, a child's most obvious strengths contribute to their development in unexpected ways. A sporting or musical forte may provide an invaluable youthful opportunity to experience "the pursuit of excellence," but may then be laid aside. It is exceedingly rare for a strength which informed observers might "identify" at school level to develop in a predictable way. Most strengths blossom and are then laid aside, whilst some evolve sideways (for example, when the inner muse shies away from the required level of commitment, or takes fright at the miniscule prospects of success in the given field). In their place other strengths-which one may have noticed, but which were never "diagnosed" in the same way-take over and flourish.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.17-22
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• 2001

This paper is the first of companion papers, which investigate port-masking effects on lean misfire limit. Port-masking was applied to commercial SOHC 3-valve and DOHC 4-valve engine by inserting masking plates between manifold and port. To induce various conditions of stratification, six types of masking plates were applied. The masking plates were placed in the upstream of injector to prevent wall wetting and two ports were not separated to permit both fuel and air entering through masked port. The results were compared with those by conventional port throttling. The results show that lean misfire limit mainly depends on masking direction, that is, high lean misfire limit is achieved when the port near the spark plug is masked. The mechanism of stratification by masking is different from axial stratification by port throttling. In this case, the rich mixture entering through masked port plays a very important role in the stratification process.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.117-127
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• 2001

In the 1980's discuss in the postmodernism and at the 1990's that is globalization. Globalization is the compression of time and space. That is the products of modernism and postmodernism. Global trends are the multiculturalism, localism, tribuism, etc. These trends have a important effect modern fashion. 20th fashion have a modernity -variation, functionalism and popularity, postmodernity-uncertainty, multiculturalism, post structuralism, etc. If Korean fashion have the globality, open to the world other country and culture, deep study of that, and view point of intercultureity. This Study Suggest to achieve globalize of Korean costume. 1. Plon up base on the scholastic study of giobalization. 2. Promote global project of Korean collection. 3. Collect of ethnic, culture, information of fashion America, Europe, etc. and make high up our a sense of disorimination. 4. Manifold studing abroad 5. Strergthening of globalization and ethnic curriculum on Educational course

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.431-440
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• 2013

Let ($M^3$, $g$) be a 3-dimensional closed Sasakian spin manifold. Let $S_{min}$ denote the minimum of the scalar curvature of ($M^3$, $g$). Let ${\lambda}^+_1$ > 0 be the first positive eigenvalue of the Dirac operator of ($M^3$, $g$). We proved in [13] that if ${\lambda}^+_1$ belongs to the interval ${\lambda}^+_1{\in}({\frac{1}{2}},\;{\frac{5}{2}})$, then ${\lambda}^+_1$ satisfies ${\lambda}^+_1{\geq}{\frac{S_{min}+6}{8}}$. In this paper, we remove the restriction "if ${\lambda}^+_1$ belongs to the interval ${\lambda}^+_1{\in}({\frac{1}{2}},\;{\frac{5}{2}})$" and prove $${\lambda}^+_1{\geq}\;\{\frac{S_{min}+6}{8}\;for\;-\frac{3}{2}<S_{min}{\leq}30, \\{\frac{1+\sqrt{2S_{min}}+4}{2}}\;for\;S_{min}{\geq}30$$.