• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 1991

The vertical distribution and chemical characteristics of water masses were measured along two south-north transects in the polar front region of the central Korean East Sea. In February, a thermocline was present at depth between 50m and loom at the southern sites of a landward A-transect, and its depth was gradually deepened northward. At an outside B-transect, a thermocline was observed at significantly deep depth of 300m to 400m at two northern stations(Stn. 10 and 11), though the depth of the southward stations was nearly identical to that at the northward stations on a A-transect. In September, there were vertically more various water masses, i.e. the Tsushima Warm surface water(TWSW) or more than $20^{\circ}C$, the Tsushima Middle water(TMW) with a range of $12{\~}17^{\circ}C$, the North Korea Cold Water(NKCW) with $1{\~}7^{\circ}C$ temperature, the Japan Sea Proper Water(JSPW) of less than $1^{\circ}C$, and the mixed water. The North Korea Cold Water could be distinguishable from the other waters, especially from the mixed water of the Tsushima Middle Water and the Japan Sea Proper Water by the pattern of $T-O_2$ diagram. For instance, the North Korea Cold Water had higher oxygen by $1{\~}2ml/l$ than those in the mixed water, although both the two water masses ranged $1{\~}7^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. AOU value was the highest in the JSPW and the lowest in the TWSW. Also, AOU indicated a nearly linear and negative correlation with water temperature. However, AOU data for two masses, the NKCW and the TMW, in September departed remarkably from a regression line. Moreover, the ratio of $$\Delta P/\Delta AOU)$ in September was about $0.45{\mu}g-at/ml$ and higher than the value observed in the open sea. This high value could be elucidated by two factors; intrusion of the NKCW with high oxygen and molecular diffusion of dissolved oxygen from the surface into the lower layer. AOU would be a useful tracer for water masses in the polar front area of the Korean East Sea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 1979

Due to the relatively high number of members and low income in each family, Wido inhabitants take very low nutrition. The result indicates that nutrition at the present time is generally lower than that of 1973 with the exception of fat. Consequently, the degree of body development of primary and junior high school students has not generally reached the standard in Korea, that was collected from Gyeongido, Korea and from Japan, of the corresponding grade students as well as the Hb content is significantly insufficient. As the body development of 12-year-old children grown at home and nursery, and attending the sports school are compared with that of the Korean standard and Wido students, the body development of Wido students is similar to the Korean standard, and slighly better than that of the sports school students by three years. Health is important as said that health power is nation's power. In order to maintain good health, the normal level of body development and Hb content is necessary for which the recommended daily nutrition for each person should be taken. In addition, the present status and importance of body development and nutrition should be fully educated the primary and junior high school students as well as directly to the inhabitants.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.238-246
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• 2001

Bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor $\beta$(TGF-$\beta$) superfamily were first identified as the factors that induce ectopic bone formation in vivo, when implanted into muscular tissue. Especially BMP-2 inhibits terminal differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts and converts them into osteoblast lineage cells. In the molecular mechanism of the signal transduction of TGF-$\beta$ and related factors, intracellular signaling proteins were identified as Smad. In previous study, it has been reported that Smad 1 and Smad 5, which belong to the R-Smad family mediate BMP signaling, were involved in the induction of osteoblast differentiation in C2C12 cells. To understnad the role of Smads involved in osteogenic transdifferentiation in C2C12 cell, in present study, after we stably transfected C2C12 cells with each. Smad(Smad 1,Smad 5) expression vector, cultured for 3 days and stained for alkaline phophatase activity. ALP activity positive cells appeared in the Smad 1, Smad 5 stably transfected cell even in the abscence of BMP. After transiently co-transfected C2C12 cells with each Smad expression vector and ALP promoter, it was examined that Smad 1 and Smad 5 expression vector had increased about 2 fold ALP promoter activity in the abscence of BMP. These result suggested that both Smad 1 and Smad 5 were involved in the intracellular BMP signals which induce osteoblast differentiation in C2C12 cells. The effect of BMP on C2C12 cells with Smad 1, Smad 5 transfected were studied by using northern blot analysis. the treatment of BMP upregulated ALP mRNA level in three groups, especially upregulation of ALP was larger in Smad 1, Smad 5 transfected cell than control group. Pretreatment with cycloheximide($10{\mu}g/ml$), a protein synthesis inhibitor resulted in blocking the ALP gene expression even in BMP(100ng/ml) treated cell. These results suggested that Smad increased the level of ALP mRNA via the synthesis of a certain transcriptional regulatory protein.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.84-88
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• 2012

Introduction: The objective of the present study was to investigate the independent effects of major depressive disorder (MDD) and insomnia on somatization, respectively. Methods: A total of 181 participants (73 males and 108 females ; mean age $41.59{\pm}8.92$) without serious medical problem were recruited from a community and a psychiatric clinic in Republic of Korea. Subjects were divided into 4 groups based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorder (SCID-IV) and sleep questionnaire : 1) normal controls (n=127), 2) primary insomnia (n=11), 3) MDD without insomnia (n=14), and 4) MDD with insomnia (n=29). All participants were requested to complete the somatization subscores of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Results: There were significant between-group differences in somatization score (F=25.30, p<0.001). Subjects with both MDD and insomnia showed higher somatization score compared to normal control (p<0.001), subjects with primary insomnia (p=0.01), or MDD subjects without insomnia (p<0.001). Subjects with primary insomnia had higher somatization score than normal controls (p<0.01), while there was no significant difference between MDD subjects without insomnia and normal controls. In multiple regression, presence of insomnia predicted higher somatization score (beta=0.44, p<0.001), while there was only non-significant association between MDD and somatization (beta=0.14, p=0.08). Conclusion: In the current study, insomnia was associated with somatization independently from major depression. Subjects with primary insomnia showed higher somatization. Within MDD patients, presence of insomnia was related to higher somatization. Our finding suggests that insomnia may partly mediate the relationship between depression and somatization.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.471-479
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• 2011

This research, which was conducted for dental hygienists, intended to check out what factors have an influence on their behaviors by measuring the level of self-efficacy and consciousness on the use of radiation, knowledge and attitude on radiation safety management(RSM). The subjects were 235 of the dental hygienists and this study performed a survey 8 May to 17 June, 2011. The survey results were as follows. 1. As a result of comparing the average of the self-efficacy according to the general characteristics, a statistically meaningful difference(p<0.05) was found according to health condition, protection facilities condition. 2. As a result of comparing the average of consciousness about radiation use according to the general characteristics, a statistically meaningful difference(p<0.05) was found according to medical institute type, protection facilities conditions. 3. As a result of comparing the average of the behaviors for RSM according to the general characteristics, a statistically meaningful difference(p<0.05) was found according to monthly income, medical institute type, whether or not education on radiation was conducted, the number of education, education type, and protection facilities condition. 4. As a result of analyzing what factors have an influence on the behaviors for RSM by employing the points of those behaviors as a dependent variable and self-efficacy, consciousness, knowledge and attitude as an independent variable in order to investigate those factors, it turned out that the factors which had a relatively larger influence on the point of behaviors were attitude and self-efficacy by that order(p<0.05). In conclusion, we believe that a variety of programs should be offered to provide knowledge on RSM as a prerequisite for improving the level of RSM behaviors by dental hygienists.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.109-114
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• 2008

The samples were synthesized by using a solid state reaction. The X-ray diffraction pattern for $Ti_{0.96}Co_{0.02}Fe_{0.02}O_2$ showed a pure rutile phase with tetragonal structure, Mixtures of the proper proportions of the elements sealed in evacuated quartz ampoule were heated at $870{\sim}930^{\circ}C$ for one day and then slowly cooled down to room temperature at a rate of $10^{\circ}C$/h. In order to obtain single phase material, it was necessary to grind the sample after the first firing and to press the powders into pellets before annealing them for a second time in evacuated and sealed quartz ampoule. Magnetic properties have been investigated using the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Room temperature magnetic hysteresis (M-H) curve showed an obvious ferromagnetic behavior and the magnetic moment per Fe atom under the applied of 0.8 T was estimated to be about $1.5\;{\mu}_B$/CoFe. But the magnetic moment per Fe atom under the applied of 0.8 T was estimated to be about $0.02\;{\mu}_B$/CoFe without Ti-getter. Size of particles is about $1\;{\mu}m$ using the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The ingredients of sample are distributed irregular in particles. Only Fe get shown on the surface of particles.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.587-592
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• 2014

Brassica spp. vegetables have been known to have biological activities such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the in vitro physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of commonly used Brassica spp. sprout vegetables such as kohlabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides), red radish (Raphanussativus L. var. sativus), broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica), cabbage (B. rapavar. glabra Regel), rape (B. napus), radish (R. sativus), and tatsoi (B. campestris var. narinosa) sprouts. Our results showed that the vegetables with the highest total phenolics contents were the radish sprout ($24.40{\pm}1.24mg\;TAE/g$) and kohlabi sprout extracts ($23.97{\pm}0.46mg\;TAE/g$). Furthermore, the vegetable with the highest total flavonoid content was the radish sprout extract ($15.30{\pm}1.35mg\;CE/g$). However, the kohlabi sprout extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging value ($IC_{50}=1.95mg/mL$) and ORAC value (79.03 mM TE/g). In addition,the six kinds of Brassica spp. sprout vegetable extracts, except tatsoi, significantly inhibited the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and showed that intracellular oxidative stress is closely related tothe accumulation of differentiated adipocytes and fat during the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results suggest that Brassica spp. sprout vegetables, especially kohlabi and radish sprout extracts, can be used to develop natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.17-31
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• 1974

Today, over seventy five percent of nursing in Korea provide a psychiatric experience in the basic curriculum. The psychiatric affiliation presents numerous major problems of adjustment to the student. The Importance of positive attitude toward the nursing care of psychiatric patients is recognized by the nursing profession. I have fined out the unfavorable attitude of non collegiate nursing students toward psychiatric nursing affiliation by previous research. This study was undertaken in response to a felt need to explore the use of several devices which might yield information about attitudes toward psychiatric nursing as a basis for future planning of the program offered at a selected hospital. This study is designed to meet the following objectives; (1) In order to find out the expressed attitudes of fifty·three collegiate nursing students toward their psychiatric affiliation. (2) To compare responses given by selected group of collegiate and non collegiate nursing students to same questionnaire (3) To determine the relationship between the attitudes of nursing students toward psychiatric nursing and the type of instructions where experience was obtained. A questionnaire, a Korean translation of the "Psychiatric Nursing Attitude Questionnaire" by Moldered Elizabeth fletcher, was administered to fifty-three collegiate nursing students who had completed a four-week psychiatric affiliation in a S hospital psychiatric ward during May 7, 1973 to Dec. 16, 1973. - The questionnaire of 100 statements was administered in the following way; (1) Part Ⅰ, Preconceptions, was, given in individual conferences with each subject, during the first few days of their affiliation, and again during the final week of affiliation. The responses to Part I were oral. (2) Part Ⅱ, Expectations, Part Ⅲ, Personal Relations, Part Ⅳ, Personal Feelings, and Part V, Attitudes and Activities of Patients were given to all of the subjects in a group meeting during the second week of the affiliation, and again, during the fourth week at the termination of the affiliation. Responses to Parts Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ·, and V, were written. Each of the 100 statements of the questionnaire was considered to be either Positive or Negative. A favorable response was assigned the positive value of 1 and an unfavorable response was assigned the Negative value of O. The coefficient of correlation was computed between the two sets of scores for the fifty-three nursing students, The mean score, the standard deviation, and the differences in the means on each of the five parts of the questionnaire were computed and the relationships calculated by at-test. The results of the study were as follows; 1. There was no significant correlation between the two sets of the scores for the fifty-three nursing students during the four-week psychiatric affiliation. (r= 0.36) 2. There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the first and final tests for any of the questionnaire. 3. The Part Ⅰ, Preconceptions, data indicated collegiate nursing students have positive attitudes in preconceptions than non collegiate nursing students and preconceptions toward the psychiatric affiliation which affect their psychiatric nursing experience. 4. The Part Ⅱ, Expectations, data indicated more appropriate expectations of collegiate nursing students related to pre psychiatric affiliation orientation and sufficient theory learning than non-collegiate nursing students. 5. The Part Ⅲ, Personal relations, data indicated some students have negative attitudes in personal relations with normal people in respect to psychological security and social responsibilities. 6. The Part Ⅳ, Personal feelings, data indicated nursing students have psychological insecurity & inappropriateness. 7. The Part V, Attitudes and activities of patients, data indicated collegiate nursing students have more positive attitudes to the psychotic behavior of certain situations due to sufficient theory learning. 8. The data indicated collegiate·nursing students have more positive attitude than non-collegiate nursing students. 5. The Part Ⅲ, Personal relations, data indicated some students have negative attitudes in personal relations with normal people in respect to psychological security and social responsibilities. 6. The Part Ⅳ, Personal feelings, data indicated nursing students have psychological insecurity & inappropriateness. 7. The Part V, Attitudes and activities of patients, data indicated collegiate nursing students have more positive attitudes to the psychotic behavior of certain situations due to sufficient theory learning. 8. The data indicated collegiate·nursing students have more positive attitude than non-collegiate nursing students through psychiatric affiliation.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.26-45
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• 1992

This study presents the behavioral and cognitive changes by administration of methylphenidate(MPH) and imipramine(IMI) for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) in $5_{1/2}{\sim}12$ years old children referred to child psychiatric clinics. Behavioral changes are assessed with parent's and teacher's ratings. Drug effects on attention. short-term memory, and impulsivity are evaluated with psychological tests in laboratory. The changes were assessed twice in a 8-week periods. The data were analyzed seperately for 15 subjects each drug using repeated measured analysis of variance(ANOVA). The findings indicates that behavioral and cognitive impairments are improved by both drugs, but impulsivity is not. And MPH is superior to IMI on the improvement of attentional problem ; especially the findings indicates important differences between simple task and complex. perceptual-search task. These data confirm the effectiveness of MPH for treatment of ADHD, also raise questions regarding assessment method of attention and impulsivity as fell as importance of impulsivity in ADHD.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2010

We investigated the growth of cucumber plants, the uptake and use of mineral nutrients, such as $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N, $K^+$, $Ca^{+}^{+}$, $Mg^{+}^{+}$ and $Na^+$, absorbed from media solution, and the synthesis and distribution of soluble sugars under nutrient-deficient condition. Difference in plant growth revealed after 20 days of treatment. Nitrate uptake in nutrient-deficient condition was significantly reduced compared with nutrient-normal treatment, and its distribution was primarily in petioles, stem, roots and less in leaves. In contrast, ammonium content was markedly predominated in fast growing organs, and it was significantly different in growing leaves, expanded leaves, and roots under similar growth conditions. $K^+$, lack by deficient nutrient condition, was found in growing leaves. The $Ca^{+}^{+}$ content did not show significant difference between treatments and a substantial portion of $Ca^{+}^{+}$ remained in petioles. The $Mg^{+}^{+}$ content was significantly higher in the leaves of nutrient-normal condition compared with nutrient-deficient condition while significantly lower in stem and roots. The behavior of $Na^+$ in plant was similar to $K^+$ although its content was relatively little. The highest $CO_2$ assimilation was observed in fully expanded leaves of nutrient-normal condition, which was 1.7 times higher compared with nutrient-deficient condition. The instantaneous water use efficiency (A/E) and the A/gsratio, which is an index of leaf intrinsic water use efficiency for individual leaves, was 1.2 and 1.1 times higher, respectively. The total soluble sugar (TSS) contents were highest in leaves followed by petioles, stems and roots, and in younger leaves. The growing leaves contained about 7,200 mg $kg^{-1}$ of TSS in nutrient-normal condition whereas the TSS contents in nutrient-deficient condition were not significantly different between leaves. The $Mg^{+}^{+}$ and $NH_4$- N were positively correlated with the TSS whereas $NO_3$ - N was negatively correlated.