• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1988

농촌 여성들의 출산력과 임신소모율을 조사하기 위해 군위군에 거주하는 15-49세의 여성 가운데 조사시작 당시 영구불임 수술을 하지 않은 유배우 가임여성을 대상으로 17명의 면 보건요원들이 1985년 4원 1일부터 1987년 3월 31일까지 2년간 추적 관찰하여 그들의 피임 실천율, 출산율 그리고 임신 소모율을 조사하였다. 총 관찰된 6,826 여성인년 가운데 피임을 실천한 기간은 3,522인년(51.6%), 임신, 유산 그리고 출산을 한 기간은 519인년(7.6%)이었으며 피임을 하지 않은 기간은 2,491인년(36.5%)이었다. 조사시작 당시에 영구불임 수술을 한 사람을 포함시켰을 경우에는 피임을 실천한 기간이 72.1%로 전국의 피임 실천율보다 오히려 높은 수준이었다. 그러나 30대 여성의 경우 2-3명의 자녀를 갖고서도 피임을 하지 않고 있는 사람이 약 28%나 되고, 피임을 하는 경우에도 월경 주기법이나 콘돔과 같은 실패율이 높은 피임법을 20대 여성보다 더 많이 쓰고 있었다. 관찰기간 동안 전체적으로는 100 여성인년당 14.3건의 임신이 일어났으며, 25-29세 여성 이 100 여성인년당 27.4건의 임신으로 가장 높은 임신율을 보였다. 전체임신 중 22.0%가 사산(0.9%), 자연유산(3.8%), 그리고 인공유산(17.3%)으로 소모되었다. 연령이 증가함에 따라 임신 소모율이 증가하여 30세 미만 부인의 임신 소모율은 15.8%인데 비해 30대 여성이 임신을 한 경우 37.5%가 인공유산을 하여 자연유산과 사산을 합한 임신 소모율이 43.5%나 되었다. 추적기간 동안에 인공유산으로 종결한 부인이 출생으로 종결한 부인에 비해 평균 자녀수와 자연유산 및 인공유산 경험회수가2배 이상으로 많아 유산을 경험한 사람이 유산을 반복하고 있었다. 출생으로 종결한 임부는 평균 4.2회의 산전 관리를 받았고 분만은 85%가 의료기관에서 일어났으며, 가정 분만은 15%로 전국의 농촌지역에 비해 높은 시설 분만율을 나타냈는데, 이것은 군위군이 일차 보건의료시범사업 지역이었기 때문으로 생각된다. 이와 같은 연구 결과로 보아 농촌 여성을 대상으로 한 가족계획 사업은 30대 여성을 대상으로 하여 경구 피임약이나 자궁내장치와 같이 피임 효과가 높은 피임법을 보급하는데 중점을 두어야 임신 소모율을 줄이고 여성건강을 증진시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.559-569
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• 2018

Background/Aims Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease globally with increasing prevalence and consequently greater burden on the Healthcare system. Traditionally, GERD has been considered a disease of middle-aged and older people. Since risk factors for GERD affect a growing number of the adult population, concerns have been raised that increasingly younger people may develop GERD. We aim to determine if the proportion of younger patients has increased among the GERD population. Methods The incidence of GERD as well as several variables were evaluated during an 11-year period. Explorys was used to evaluate datasets at a "Universal" and Healthcare system in northern Ohio to determine if trends at a local level reflected those at a universal level. GERD patients were classified into 7 age groups (15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and ${\geq}70$ years). Results The proportion of patients with GERD increased in all age groups, except for those who were ${\geq}70$ years in the universal dataset (P < 0.001) and those who were ${\geq}60$ years in the Healthcare system (P < 0.001). The greatest rise was seen in 30-39 years in both datasets (P < 0.001). Similarly, the proportion of GERD patients who were using proton pump inhibitors increased in all age groups except for those who were ${\geq}70$ years in both datasets (P < 0.001), with the greatest increase being the group 30-39 years (P < 0.001). Conclusion Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of younger patients with GERD, especially those within the age range of 30-39 years.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.231-247
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• 1986

Age specific characteristics in Korean diet and their changes were analyzed with the demand model including the number of family members by age group as independent vasiables Urban household budget data, 773 household data in 1977 and 947 household data in 1983, was applied to the demand model. A series of F-test was carried out to set up the age groups by food item. The main results can be summarized as follows; 1. Food consumption patterns are remarkably different between 0-13 years old age generation and over 40 years old generation. The 0-13 years old generation reveals higher preference for milk, wheat product, fruit and milk and lower preference for rice and vegetable than any other age generation. This characteristics of the childhood diet has been formed In the generation born after 1970's and thus will be reserved as their generational characteristics. On the other hand, over 40 years old age group prefers rice and fish to fruit, milk and wheat product. Therefore we can conclude that over 40 years old age group maintains the traditional Korean diet pattern. 2. The preference for fish is low. in 20-30 years old age group than in any other age group and wheat product is Preferred highest in 6-13 years old age group of all age groups. Meanwhile the most remarkable change In food consumption pattern is shown in meats and vegetables. Namely in 30 40 years old age group the preference for meat has increased substantially and that vegetable has decreased to a great extent. 3. The declining per capita consumption of rice spreads like a wave to higher age. groups, but over 40 years old age group bas played an important role in reducing the decreasing rate of rice consumption. In order to restrain the declining rice consumption a special integrated food policy is required to induce rice consumption in less 30 years old generation.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2007

Color is infinitely more complex and challenging when the human element is factored in. The nature of fashion presents additional issues that must be addressed, allowing for even greater possibilities. Fashion trends and fashion colors could be used as a starting point for investigating many possible applications in fashion industry. Modern fashion industry received various information from many medias. Fashion trends and fashion colors must be referred to primarily when planning fashion goods among so much information. In this study, changes in fashion trends and fashion colors from 1966 to 1995 were investigated. The results indicated fashion trends and fashion colors were involved with community, culture and economy. Furthermore, important characteristics of fashion trends were summarized. In recent 30 years fashion trends and fashion colors appeared practical fashion and natural color, amenity fashion and mild color. According to the fashion changes in sensitivity, the color change was evaluated. Fashion colors displayed changes from sign effect to symbol effect. Especially black changed from minus image to plus image made it important fashion color.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2019

Objective: It is widely accepted that aging decreases women's fertility capacity. The aim of this study was to assess correlations between maternal age and the morphokinetic parameters and cleavage pattern of embryos. Methods: The morphokinetics of embryos derived from women < 30, 30-35, 36-40, and > 40 years of age were compared retrospectively in terms of time of second polar body extrusion, time of pronuclei appearance, time of pronuclei fading, and time of two to eight discrete cells (t2-t8). Furthermore, abnormal cleavage patterns such as uneven blastomeres at the two-cell stage, cell fusion (Fu), and trichotomous mitoses (TM) were assessed. Results: Only t5 occurred later in women aged 36-40 and > 40 years when compared with those aged < 30 and 30-35 years (p< 0.001). Other morphokinetic timing parameters, as well the presence of uneven blastomeres, were comparable between the groups (p> 0.05). However, Fu and TM were more common in women aged > 40 years than in younger women (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Maternal age was correlated with the cleavage pattern of embryos. Therefore, evaluating embryo morphokinetics may contribute to optimal embryo selection, thereby increasing fertility in patients with advanced maternal age.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.175-189
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between pack-years of smoking, metabolic biomarkers, and diet quality in male adults. We analyzed data from the combined 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The extent of smoking was quantified in pack-years (py), with 1 py equivalent to 20 cigarettes per day for 1 year. Subjects (n=1,318) were recruited and divided into two groups according to age (30~49 years age group, n=695; ${\geq}50$ years age group, n=623). In ach age group, subjects were divided into three groups according to the extent of smoking, which included non-smokers (30~49 years, n=156; ${\geq}50$ years, n=217), light smoker (30~49 years, n=269; py<16; ${\geq}50$ years, n=189, py<31), and moderate smoker (30~49 years, n=270; $py{\geq}16$; ${\geq}50$ years, n=217, $py{\geq}31$). The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS) were analyzed by using the data from the 24-recall method. The results showed that moderate smokers were significantly more likely to drink alcohol compared with the other two groups. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly higher in smoker groups. The non-smoker group consumed significantly higher levels of vitamin C and potassium compared to the smoker groups. In the diet quality, vitamin C NAR of non-smoker group was significantly higher than those of smoker groups. In the ${\geq}50$ age group, the MAR of nonsmoker, light, and moderate smoker groups were 0.81, 0.78, and 0.78 respectively. The smoker group consumed significantly greate sugar and oils compared to the non-smoker group. Py showed a significantly positive relationship with serum triglyceride level, and a negative relationship with MAR after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In conclusion, male moderate smokers take too little vitamin C, partly due to low diet quality. Therefore, a well-planed diet must be used to replace the nutrients lost from excluded food groups in smoker.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2016

Objectives: This study examines the awareness of hypertension and its age-specific characteristics among Korean adults. Methods: Data were derived from the fourth Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES IV, 2007-2009) of 14,637 subjects aged 30 and older. Self-reported prevalence of hypertension (HTN) was compared with measured arterial systolic/diastolic blood pressure, employing Kappa index, sensitivity, and specificity. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors in hypertension awareness by age groups. Results: Kappa agreement between self-reported and measured data in hypertension was high (0.70, 95% CI 0.68-0.71). Awareness by sensitivity was relatively high (65.3%) and specificity was very high (98.8%) for all ages. After age stratification, the results revealed the very lowest level of hypertension awareness among the youngest age group: 29.1% of adults aged 30-49 years, 57.5% of adults aged 45-59 years, and 76.9% of those aged ${\geq}60years$. Predictors for awareness differed by age group. Among adults aged 30-49 years, men exhibited lower awareness to HTN than women. Among middle-aged adults, workers showed lower awareness than non-workers. Among those aged ${\geq}60years$, men and the less educated showed lower awareness to HTN than their counterparts. Conclusions: Age-specific prevention strategies are needed for hypertension management.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 1993

30 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent videothoracoscopic treatment between March and July 1992. The patients ranged in age from 16 years to 62 years (mean age, 30.4 years) and the incidence according to age group was highest as 50 % in the adolescence between 21 and 30 years old. The indications of the therapeutic videothoracoscopy for spontaneous pneumothorax were recurrence (30.8％), persistent air leak (30.8％), visible blebs on the chest X-ray (20.4％), tension pneumothorax (15.4％), and bilaterality (2.6％). Intraoperative scopic findings were as follows; blebs (87.1％), pleural adhesion (45.2％), and pleural effusion (22.6％). The operation was performed under general anesthesia with one lung intubation guided by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Procedures included bleb and/or wedge resection, tetracycline pleurodesis with mechanical abrasion, and parietal pleurectomy. Successful treatment was obtained in 66.7％ (20/30) and the mean postoperative hospital stay of the successful cases was 5 days. Videothoracoscopy also provided the benefits of lesser postoperative pain, rapid recovery, short hospitalization, and smaller scar of wound by reduced trauma on access. The total 13 postoperative complications were occured in 10 patients, which showed somewhat higher rate than that of other reports because of lack of experiences in the earlier period, however, it had decreased progressively as experiences were accumulated and instruments were improved in the later period. The operative mortality was absent. Conclusively, videothoracoscopy is a new interesting modality of surgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax and also can be extensively applicable in the diagnosis and treatment of other thoracic surgery.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2005

This Study investigated kindergarten parents' attitude, satisfaction and demand in the school meal service programs (SMSP). The subjects were 2450 parents that their child attended at kindergarten's SMSP from 16 provinces. To com-pared children's eating habits according to their parent age group and residence area, the percentage of regularly breakfast eating were lower in 'below 30 years old' group and large city residence than 'above 30 years old' group and middle and small city residence. And taking breakfast item was partially different pattern according parent age, 'below 30 years old' group and large city child ate more bread and milk as breakfast than Korean style breakfast with steamed rice and soup and side dish. In the prefer types of school meal service, most prefer types of meal service was fully meal service at kindergarten, $79.1\%$ subjects wanted this type. But 'below 30 years old' group's parent answered 'lunch box brings from home' ratio was higher than 'above 30 years old' group. Most parents accepted the present meal cost and $63.8\%$ of subjects was willing to pay more money to improve the quality of SMSP Twenty-six precent parents was responded that no improvement children's eating habit through SMSP. And they answered the key point of SMSP management was 'cooking sanitation'($65.1\%$) and 'nutrition' ($50.0\%$) and they answered the urgent improvement point at SMSP was 'Improvement taste and quality of meal' ($62.6\%$). Kindergarten parents' attitude about catering service as SMSP as not to prefer, but $10.4\%$ of subjects answered that catering service is ideal meal service type in kindergarten and they expected the advantage of catering service was 'convenience of foodservice'($40.7\%$) and 'support foodservice facilities and labor'($32.4\%$) and they also pointed out disadvantage was 'lower in meal freshness'($53.9\%$) and 'sanitation Problem'($51.9\%$).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.2317-2322
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• 2015

Background: Despite the increasing number of screening examinations performed for cervical cancer utilizing the Papanicolaou smear test (Pap test), few studies have examined whether this strategy is cost-effective in Korea. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening strategies incorporating the Pap test based on age at the start and end of screening as well as screening interval. Materials and Methods: We designed four alternative screening strategies based on patient age when screening was started (20 or 30 years) and discontinued (lifetime, 79 years). Each strategy was assessed at screening intervals of 1, 2, 3, or 5 years. A Markov model was developed to determine the cost-effectiveness of the 16 possible cervical cancer screening strategies, and this was evaluated from a societal perspective. The main outcome measures were average lifetime cost, incremental quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results: Compared with various strategies comprising younger starting age, discontinuation age, and longer screening intervals, strategies employing annual screening for cervical cancer starting at a target age of 30 years and above were the most cost-effective, with an ICER of 21,012.98 dollars per QALY gained (with a Korean threshold of 30,000,000 KRW or US$27,272). Conclusions: We found that annual screening for cervical cancer beginning at a target age of 30 years and above is most cost-effective screening strategy. Considering the potential economic advantages, more intense screening policies for cervical cancer might be favorable among countries with high rates of cervical cancer and relatively low screening costs.