Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion (보건교육건강증진학회지)

Korean Society for Health Education and Promotion (한국보건교육건강증진학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Hypertension awareness and the related factors by age

고혈압 인지율의 평가와 연령별 특성

  • Chun, Heeran (Department of Health Administration, Jungwon University) ;
  • Kim, Il-Ho (Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto)
  • Received : 2016.06.20
  • Accepted : 2016.10.21
  • Published : 2016.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: This study examines the awareness of hypertension and its age-specific characteristics among Korean adults. Methods: Data were derived from the fourth Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES IV, 2007-2009) of 14,637 subjects aged 30 and older. Self-reported prevalence of hypertension (HTN) was compared with measured arterial systolic/diastolic blood pressure, employing Kappa index, sensitivity, and specificity. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors in hypertension awareness by age groups. Results: Kappa agreement between self-reported and measured data in hypertension was high (0.70, 95% CI 0.68-0.71). Awareness by sensitivity was relatively high (65.3%) and specificity was very high (98.8%) for all ages. After age stratification, the results revealed the very lowest level of hypertension awareness among the youngest age group: 29.1% of adults aged 30-49 years, 57.5% of adults aged 45-59 years, and 76.9% of those aged ${\geq}60years$. Predictors for awareness differed by age group. Among adults aged 30-49 years, men exhibited lower awareness to HTN than women. Among middle-aged adults, workers showed lower awareness than non-workers. Among those aged ${\geq}60years$, men and the less educated showed lower awareness to HTN than their counterparts. Conclusions: Age-specific prevention strategies are needed for hypertension management.

Keywords

References

  1. Alsuwaida, A., & Alphonaim, M (2011). Gender disparities in the awareness and control of hypertension. Clinical Experimental Hypertension, 33(5), 354-357. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2010.531857
  2. Boudreau, D. M., Daling, J. R., Malone, K. E., Gardner, J. S., Blough, D. K., & Heckbert, S. R. A. (2003). Validation study of patient interview data and pharmacy records for antihypertensive, Statin, and antidepressant medication use among older women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159(3), 308-317. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh038
  3. Chang, D. M., Park, I. S., & Yang, J. H. (2013). Related Factors of Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Korea: Using the Fourth Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Digital Convergence, 11(11), 509-519. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDPM.2013.11.11.509
  4. Dey, A. K., Alyass, A., Muir, R. T., Black, S. E., Swartz, R. H., Murray, B. J., & Boulos, M. I. (2015). Validity of Self-Report of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Population at High Risk for Stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 24(12), 2860-2865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.08.022
  5. Fagard, R, H., & Cornelissen, V. A. (2007). Incidence of cardiovascular events in white-coat, masked and sustained hypertension versus true normotension: a meta-analysis. Journal of Hypertension, 25(11), 2193-2198. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282ef6185
  6. Gorber, S. C., Tremblay, M., Campbell, N., & Hardt, J. (2008). The accuracy of self-reported hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Hypertension Reviews, 4(1), 36-62. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340208783497192
  7. Gwynn, R. C., Garg, R. K., Kerker, B. D., Frieden, T. R., & Thorpe, L. E. (2009). Contributions of a Local Health Examination Survey to the Surveillance of Chronic and Infectious Diseases in New York City. American Journal of Public Health, 99(1), 152-159. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117010
  8. Hajjar, I., & Kotchen, T. A. (2003). Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000. JAMA 290(2), 199-205. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.2.199
  9. Huerta, J. M., Tormo, M. J., Egea-Caparros, J. M., Ortola-Devesa, J. B., & Navarro, C. (2009). Accuracy of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in the adult Spanish population. DINO study findings. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia (English Edition), 62(2), 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1885-5857(09)71532-4
  10. Jee, S. H., Suh, I., & Kim, I. S. (1999). Appel, JL. Smoking and atherosclerotic ardiovascular disease in men with low levels of serum cholesterol: the Korea Medical Corporation Study. JAMA 282(2), 2149-2155. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.22.2149
  11. Jeong, J. Y., Choi, Y. J., Jang, S. N., Hong, K. S., Choi, Y. H., Choi, M. K., & Kim, D. H. (2007). Awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension and related factors of awareness among middle aged adult and elderly in Chuncheon: Hallym Aging Study (HAS). Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 40(4), 305-312. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.4.305
  12. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). (2011). The Fourth Korea National health statistics National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANS IV). Seoul: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  13. Lee, H. M., Kim, Y. M., Lee, C. H., Shin, J. H., Kim, M. K., & Choi, B. Y. (2011). Awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and related factors in the jurisdictional areas of primary health care posts in a rural community of Korea. J Prev Med Public Health, 44(2), 74-83. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2011.44.2.74
  14. Marmot, M. G., Kogevinas, M., & Elston, M. A. (1991). Socioeconomic status and disease. WHO Regional Publication, European Series, 37, 113-146.
  15. Muntner, P., Gu, D., Wu, X., Duan, X., Wenqu, G., Whelton, P. K., & Jiang, H. (2004). Factors associated with hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in a representative sample of the chinese population. Hypertension, 43(3), 578-585. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000116302.08484.14
  16. National Hypertension Center. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.hypertension.or.kr/viewC.php?vCode=101003&main_num=1&sub_num=1&sub_num2=3
  17. Newell, S. A., Giris, A., Sanson-Fisher, R. W., & Savolainen, N. J. (1999). The accuracy of self-reported health behaviours and risk factors relating to cancer and cardiovascular disease in the general population: a critical review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 17(3), 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00069-0
  18. Oh, M. U., Choi, M, Kim, G. S., & Sung, S. (2013). Association between hypertension management and blood pressure screening among adults in 30s and 40s. Korean Journal of Health Promotion, 13(2), 61-68.
  19. Okonofua, E. C., Cutler, N. E., Lackland, D. T., & Brent, E. (2005). Ethnic Differences in older Americans: Awareness, knowdelge, and beliefs about hypertension. Epidemiology, 18(7), 972-979.
  20. Olives, C., Myerson, R., Mokdad, A. H., Murray, C. J., & Lim, S. S. (2013). Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in United States counties, 2001-2009. PLoS One. 8(4), e60308. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060308
  21. Ong, K. L., Cheung, B. M., Man, Y. B., Lau, C. P., & Lam, K. S. (2007). Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999-2004. Hypertension, 49(1), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000252676.46043.18
  22. Ostchega, Y., Dillon, C. F., Hughes, J. P., Carroll, M., & Yoon, S. (2007). Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in older US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 55(7), 1056-1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01215.x
  23. Thawornchaisit, P., De Looze, F., Reid, C. M., Seubsman, S. A., & Sleigh, A. (2013). Validity of self-reported hypertension: findings from the Thai cohort study compared to physician telephone interview. Globbal Journal of Health Science, 6(2), 1-11.
  24. The Korean Society of Hypertension. (2013). Guideline for Hypertension. Seoul: The Korean Society of Hypertension.
  25. Tian, S., Dong, G. H., Wang, D., Liu, M. M., Lin, Q., Meng, X. J., & Ren, Y. E. (2011). Factors associated with prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in urban adults from 33 communities in China: the CHPSNE Study. Hypertension Research, 34(10), 1087-1092. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2011.99
  26. Woo, K. J., Kim, H. J., Lee, H. M., & Oh, K. W. (2015). Prevalence of Hypertension among Adults over 30 years old in Korea, 2009-2013. Public Health Weekly Report, 8(21), 477-480.

Cited by

  1. Development and Validation of Korean Inflammtory Index(K-DII) for Metabolic Disease Patients: by Using the Health Examinee Cohort (2012-2014) vol.26, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2017.26.4.369