• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.361-371
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• 2021

This study investigated the longitudinal effect of peer play behavior (PPB) during toddlerhood on social competence (SC), followed by the effect on adaptation to elementary school. Data were collected from the 4th to 9th Panel Study on Korean Children between 2011 to 2016, of which the data collected from 114 boys and 94 girls were finally analyzed. Multi-Mediator Model Analysis were performed using SPSS and PROCESS macro programs. First, PPB observed at the age of three significantly predicted PPB observed at ages four and five. It significantly affected SC observed at the age of six after transitioning through PPB at each stage. Second, PPB observed at the age of three significantly impacted the degree of adaptation in the first and second grades of elementary school. The medium identified in this second finding was PPB observed after the age of three and SC observed at the age of six.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.751-756
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• 2006

Purpose : Our goals were to determine the frequency of headaches and backaches occurring as a side effect following lumbar puncture in children, and to investigate various factors that might influence the frequency of headaches and backaches. Methods : From October 2004 to February 2006, we enrolled 148 patients aged 2 to 15 years who received diagnostic lumbar puncture at the Presbyterian Medical Center, Chonju, Korea. Patient data were collected for age, sex, number of puncture attempts, volume of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), bevel orientation of puncture needle, cell count in CSF, periods of absolute bed rest, and the frequency and duration of headaches and backaches. Results : Headaches occurred in 8 patients and backaches occurred in 40 patients. Headaches were found both to occur significantly more frequently in patients over age 10 and to last longer when the bevel orientation of the puncture needle was inserted toward the cranium rather than laterally. Backaches lasted longer in males than in females. The other factors evaluated showed no relationship at all to the frequency and duration of headaches and backaches. Conclusion : Following lumbar puncture, headaches were common in patients over age 10, and lasted longer when the bevel orientation was toward the cranium. Backaches lasted longer in males than in females. In light of these findings, we recommend taking special care when performing lumbar puncture for CSF examination in patients over age 10.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.2012-2019
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• 2015

This study examined the changes in the center of pressure (COP) and cadence according to three types of bags carried and three different bag weights. The experimental period was from June 3, 2013 to January 20, 2014, and thirty eight healthy adults (mean age: $26.10{\pm}5.32$ years, age range: 22-30 years) volunteered under three conditions. In the first condition, the subjects wore a bag over one shoulder and they walked. In the second condition, they carried a bag across the shoulder and walked. With the third condition, they carried a backpack using both shoulders and walked. 3-Dimentional motion analysis system and a force plate were used to measure the kinematic parameters of gait and COP displacement during gait. Each subject walked 6 meters carrying a 3kg, 5kg and 7kg bag under all three conditions. The COP of the antero-posterior and medio-lateral, and cadence variable were significantly different according to the bag weight of 3kg, 5kg and 7kg. These findings suggest that walking while carrying a backpack using both shoulders is more effective on the changes in COP and gait of adults than the other conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.318-331
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• 2021

This study was conducted on the assumption that bone age would be more effective when it comes to physique and physical fitness assessment for adolescents, and the purpose of this study was to identify the differences in physique and physical fitness for students in their adolescence through bone age and chronological age in order to contribute to the well-balanced physique and physical fitness development in adolescents and the health improvement in students. Total 874 adolescents(483 males, 391 females) aged 11~16 were selected as subjects out of the total population of 1100 adolescents aged 6~16 based on the PAPS(Physical Activity Promotion System) and age standards of the TW3 method; and skeletal maturation, which symbolize the indicators of biological maturation, were evaluated by using the TW3(Tanner-Whitehouse 3) method after hand-wrist radiographs, and birth date was used for chronological age. A stadiometer and InBody 270 (Biospace, Korea) were used to measure 2 components in physique. A total of 7 components in physical fitness, which included muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, power, cardiovascular endurance, balance, agility, were measured as well. A independent samples t-test was conducted for data processing using SPSS 25.0, and the significance level was set at p< .05. The study results are as follows. First, bone age and chronological age used for physique comparison in males aged 11 and 12, height and weight showed significant difference; in males aged 13, weight showed signicant difference. Weight and height in females aged 11, and height in females aged 12 showed significant difference. Second, bone age and chronological age used for physical fitness comparison in males aged 11, muscular strength, power, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance showed significant difference; in males aged 12, muscular strength. power, cardiovascular endurance; in males aged 13, flexibility showed significant difference. Muscular strength, power, flexibility, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance in females aged 11, and flexibility in females aged 14 showed significant difference. As a result, this study concluded that in a period of rapid skeletal growth, evaluating physique and physical fitness based on bone age is more accurate than evaluating based on chronological age.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2005

Purpose : Recently, it has been reported that the prevalence of mycoplasam pneumonia in infants is increasing. We studied the change of prevalence and clinical features in infants for recent three years. Methods : We evaluated the clinical records of 206 patients diagnosed as mycoplasma pneumonia during Mar. 2000~Feb. 2003. We retrospectively analyzed epidemiologic, clinical, serologic and radiologic difference between children younger than 24 months and others. Results : Among 206 patients, 111 were boys and 95 were girls. Mean age of onset was $5.12{\pm}2.91$ years and lowered annually(P>0.05). 28 patinets(13.6%) were younger than 24 months and annual prevalence in this group increased(P<0.05). Main clinical features included cough, fever, coarse breathing sound(=sputum), rhinorrhea and dyspnea. There was no clinical difference between children younger than 24 months and others, except for rhinorrhea and dyspnea which more developed frequently in children younger than 24 months (P<0.05). There was also no serologic and radiologic difference for these groups. Conclusion : Annual mean age of onset lowered and annual prevalence of younger than 24 months increased with mycoplasma pneumonia. Therefore, we need careful attention to differentiate Mycoplasma pneumoniae as causal organism of pneumonia in children younger than 24 months.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.465-485
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to locate the proper position of the lower occlusal plane according to individual skeletal pattern. Cephalometric films of 234 subjects of the control group, 358 of the pretreatment group and 358 of the treated group were analyzed to study proper relationships between vertical dimension ratio(VDR) and lower occlusomandibular plane angle(LOM). The control group was divided into two subgroups by the age. The first subgroup consisted of 113 subjects of the age 14 years and under and with the mean age of 10.82 years. The other subgroup consisted of 113 subjects of the age 18 years and above with the mean age of 23.76 years. The pretreatment group was divided into three subgroups by the age. The first subgroup consisted of 274 subjects of the age 14 years and under with the mean age of 11.36 years. The second subgroup consisted of 54 subjects of the age 14 through 18 years with the mean age of 15.4 years. The last subgroup consisted of 30 subjects of the age 18 years and above with the mean age of 21.35 years. The treated group was also divided into three subgroups by the age. The first subgroup consisted of 145 subjects of the age 14 years and under with the mean age of 12.91 years. The second subgroup consisted of 166 subjects of the age 14 through 18 years with the mean age of 15.64 years. The last subgroup consisted of 47 subjects of the age 18 years and above with the mean age of 21.61 years. Cephalometric films of the sample were traced. Measurements were made to a hundredth using a program specifically prepared for this study, and the results were entered into a 486DX PC. Means and Standard deviations of all the veriables were calculated for each group. Correlation coefficients between pertinent variables were calculated. Significance tests on those coefficients, one-way ANOVA and t-tests between variables or groups were performed. On the basis of the results studied above, certain subjects were selected from the control and the treated groups to locate the proper position of the occlusal plane, and designated as the optimal occluaion group. The subjects of this optimal occlusion group had 1-3 mm overbite, 1-3 mm of overjet and less than 1.75 mm of curve of Spee. A total subjects of 187 in this group consisted 104 treated subjects and 83 control group. Regression analysis was carried out between VDR and LOM, and regression equations were tabulated for this optimal occlusion group. The results were as follows : 1. Highly significant correlations were observed between various variables useful for identifying vertical component of skeletal frame, but any one particular variable did not accurately indicate the magnitude of anterior vertical overbite. 2. Of the variables useful identifying vertical component of skeletal frame, The VDR showed the highest correlation to the LOM. 3. Of the total sample, 80 percent had overbite within the normal range, irrespective of VDR. 4. The optimal occlusion group was divided into 9 subgroups by the age and the anteroposterior skeletal pattern, and correlation coefficient and determination coefficient between VDR and LOM of each group were calculated. Correlation coefficients and determination coefficients were found to be significantly high in all groups. 5. Regression equation was induced for each of the optimal occlusion group to find proper LOM according to the VDR. 6. It was found that the mean value of the cant of occlusal plane itself is not enough for a diagnosis and a treatment plan. Rather, It is very important to locate the proper occlusal plane for an Individual skeletal pattern.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.92-101
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dental caries prevalence and occlusion pattern of children with deciduous dentition in Chonnam seashore area. Two thousand two hundred seventy two kindergarten children ranged 3 to 5 years of age were examined. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The rate of children with caries experience(dmf rate) in deciduous teeth was 66.8% at 3 years of age, 77.7% at 4 years of age, and 83.5% at 5 years of age and showed no significant gender differences(p>0.05). 2. The mean number of decayed, missing, filled deciduous teeth(dmft index) was 3.62 at 3 years of age, 4.73 at 4 years of age, and 5.96 at 5 years of age and showed no significant gender differences(p>0.05). 3. Most of the caries-prevailed tooth was mandibular 2nd primary molar and showed 39.48% at 3 years of age, 49.73% at 4 years of age, and 63.85% at 5 years of age. 4. The caries-experienced teeth in order were as follows : mandibular 2nd primary molar with 52.34%, mandibular 1st primary molar with 45.61%, maxillary 2nd primary molar with 38.81%, and maxillary primary central incisor with 38.86%, respectively. 5. In sagittal primary molar relationship, Class 1 occlusion pattern was 53.26%, Class 2 pattern was 1.41% and Class 3 pattern was 30.02%, respectively. Right Class 2 and Left Class 3 pattern was not observed.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_2
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• pp.1891-1900
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• 2021

Fine particulate matter (FPM; diameter ≤ 2.5 ㎛) is frequently found in metropolitan areas due to activities associated with rapid urbanization and population growth. Many adolescents spend a substantial amount of time at school where, for various reasons, FPM generated outdoors may flow into indoor areas. The aims of this study were to estimate FPM concentrations and categorize types of FPM in schools. Meteorological and chemical variables as well as satellite-based aerosol optical depth were analyzed as input data in a random forest model, which applied 10-fold cross validation and a grid-search method, to estimate school FPM concentrations, with four statistical indicators used to evaluate accuracy. Loose and strict standards were established to categorize types of FPM in schools. Under the former classification scheme, FPM in most schools was classified as type 2 or 3, whereas under strict standards, school FPM was mostly classified as type 3 or 4.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.421-447
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• 2016

I examine the situation in which the players compete to obtain economic rents which is generated by the market-based environmental regulation, such as carbon taxes or tradable permit allocations. Drawing on contest theory, I employ the sharing rules which is devised to motivate players best effort, and consider two models in carbon taxes: one model with observable sharing rules and the other model with unobservable sharing rules. I show that, first, the overall welfare of carbon taxes is always less than that of tradable permit allocations under the model with observable sharing rules. Second, depending on the share of the preassigned allocation in tradable permit allocations, the overall welfare of carbon taxes may be larger than that of tradable permit allocations under the model with unobservable sharing rules.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to design curriculum content structure integrating three systems of actions for 2009 revised current home economics curriculum. For the development of content structure and content elements, a development team of two home economics scholars, a cooperating team of three home economics teachers, and an expert team of 15 home economics teachers and professors were organized. Phase 1 of curriculum development was developed by integrating three systems of actions with traditional home economics content areas of clothing, food, housing, consumption, and family by the development team. It is examined by the cooperating team and in phase 2 is recommended to build matrix of units of the current curriculum and the three systems of actions. The final phase of curriculum development illustrated a content structure integrating the sub-units of 2009 revised current curriculum and the three systems of action following the expert group's professional opinion.