• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.3543-3562
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• 2021

The methods and performance of a 3D pin-by-pin neutronics code based on the 2D/1D decoupling method are presented. The code was newly developed as an effort to achieve enhanced accuracy and high calculation performance that are sufficient for the use in practical nuclear design analyses. From the 3D diffusion-based finite difference method (FDM) formulation, decoupled planar formulations are established by treating pre-determined axial leakage as a source term. The decoupled axial problems are formulated with the radial leakage source term. To accelerate the pin-by-pin calculation, the two-level coarse mesh finite difference (CMFD) formulation, which consists of the multigroup node-wise CMFD and the two-group assembly-wise CMFD is implemented. To enhance the accuracy, both the discontinuity factor method and the super-homogenization (SPH) factor method are examined for pin-wise cross-section homogenization. The parallelization is achieved with the OpenMP package. The accuracy and performance of the pin-by-pin calculations are assessed with the VERA and APR1400 benchmark problems. It is demonstrated that pin-by-pin 2D/1D alternating calculations within the two-level 3D CMFD framework yield accurate solutions in about 30 s for the typical commercial core problems, on a parallel platform employing 32 threads.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제20권A호
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• pp.269-278
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• 2000

The pressure-time profile of the explosion gases can controlled for the use of cartridge explosive with two techniques known as Decoupling and spacing of the charges. Decoupling consists of a space between the explosive column and wall of the blast hole. Four different decoupling index 1.4, 1.8, 2.34, 3.0 are selected in this field study. The level of ground vibrations with each decoupling index was measured and the empirical particle velocity equation from these data was obtained. The condition of new cracks at blast hole are also examined. As the decoupling index is increased, the level of the blast vibration is decreased. But the cracks in rock masses are efficiently formed to remove the broken rock. The vibration constant associated with test sites is given as $K=1564.5(D.L)^{-1.3233}$ in terms of D.I.(decoupling index).

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.20-32
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• 1997

The pressure-time profile of the explosion gases can be controlled fot the use of cartridge explosives with two techniques Known as Decoupling and Spacing the charges. Decoupling consists in leaving and empty space between the explosive column and wall of the blast hole. Four different decoupling index, 1.4, 1.8, 2.34, 3.0 are selected in this field study. The level of ground vibrations with each decoupling index are measured and the empirical particle vibrations with each decoupling index are measured and the empirical particle velocity equation from these data was obtained. The condition of new cracks at blast hole are also examined. As the decoupling index in increased, the level of the blast vibration is decreased,. But the cracks in rock masses are efficiently formed to remove the broken rock. The vibration constant associated with a given site $K=1564.5(D.I)^{-1.3233}$ in terms of D.I(decopling index).

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2000년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.190-195
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 IMT-2000(International Mobile Telecommunication-2000) 휴대용 단말기 수신 주파수인 2.13 - 2.16 GHz 대역의 저잡음 중폭기(LNA ; Low Noise Amplifier)를 직렬 피드백과 저항결합 회로룰 이용하여 설계.구현하였다. 소스 리드에에 부가된 직렬 피드백은 중폭기의 저잡음 특성을 유지하면서 동시에 입력 반사계수를 작게 하고, 또한 대역내의 안정성을 향상시키는 역할을 하였다. 사용된 저항 결합회로는 저주파 영역의 신호를 정합 회로내의 저항을 통해 소모시킴으로써 저잡음 중폭기의 설계시 입력단 정함에 용이하였다. 저잡음 중폭기의 설계.제작에서 저잡음 증폭단에는 HP사의 GaAs FET인 ATF-10136을, 이득 증폭단에는 Mini-Circuit사의 내부 정합된 MMIC인 VNA-25를 사용하였다. 전원회로는 자기 바이어스(Self-bias) 회로를 사용하였고, 유전율 3.5인 테프론 기판 상에 장착하였다. 이렇게 제작된 저잡음 증폭기는 대역 내에서 30 dB 이상의 이득과 0.7 dB 이하의 잡음지수, $P_{ldB}$ 17 dB 이상, 그리고 입.출력 정재파비가 1.5 이하인 특성을 나타내었다.다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.635-641
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 셀룰러 CDMA 기지국 및 중계기의 수신부에 사용되는 크기가 작은 824 ∼ 849 MHz용 저잡음 증폭기(Low Noise Amplifier)를 저항 결합회로를 사용하여 구현하였다. 사용된 저항 결합회고는 반사되는 전력이 정합회로내의 저항에서 소모되므로 반사계수가 작아지고, 안정도도 개선되며 저잡음 증폭기의 설계시 입력단 정합에 용이하였다 저잡음 증폭기의 설계 제작에는 저잡음 GaAs FET인 ATF-10136과 내부정합된 MMIC인 VNA-25를 이용하였으며, 알루미늄 기구물안에 RF 회로와 자체 바이어스(Self-bias) 회로를 함께 장 착시켰다. 이렇게 제작된 저잡음 증폭기는 35dB이상의 이득과 0.9dB이하의 잡음지수, 18.6dBm의 P1dB, P1dB 출력레벨에서 10dB back off 시켰을때 31.17dB의 IM3를 얻었다.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 IMT-2000 수신주파수인 2.13~2.16 GHz 대역에서 초고주파용 수신장치로 사용되는 저잡음증폭기를 ㅈㄱ렬 피드백 기법과 저항결합회로를 이용하여 구현하였다. GaAs FET(Field Effect Transistor)의 소스단에 부가한 직렬 피드백은 저잡음증폭기의 저잡음특성과 입력반사계수가 작아졌으며, 또 저잡음증폭기의 안정도도 개선되었다. 저항결합회로는 반사되는 전력이 정합 회로내의 저항에서 소모되므로 입력단정합이 용이하였다. 저잡음증폭기의 저잡음증폭단은 GaAs FET인 ATF-10136, 고득증폭단은 내부정합된 MMIC인 VNA-25를 사용하였으며, 알루미늄 기구물 안에 유전율 3.5인테프론 기판에 초고주파회로와 자기바이어스 회로를 함께 장착시켰다. 이렇게 제작된 저잡음증폭기는 30 dB이상의 이득, 0.7dB 이하의 잡음지수, 17 dB의 Pldb, 1.5 이하의 입출력 정재파비를 얻었다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제65권10호
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• pp.1648-1654
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• 2016

This paper analyzes complex vector current control for the enhanced cross-coupling compensation in accordance with parameter variation in grid-connected inverter system, and verifies through simulation and experiment. Complex vector current control is performed in the synchronous reference frame through d-q transformation. It generates cross-coupling components with rotating nominal angular frequency. In general, cross-coupling elements are compensated by decoupling terms added to output of conventional decoupling PI controller. But, it is impossible to compensate them perfectly which transient response is especially deteriorated such as large overshoot and slow tracking, when variation of grid impedance or measurement error occurs. However, complex vector current control can improve stability and response characteristic of current control regardless of the situation as before. Decoupling controller and complex vector controller are represented through complex forms, and these controllers are analyzed by using frequency response in s-domain, respectively. It is verified that complex vector controller has more superior response characteristic than decoupling controller through MATALB, PSIM and experimental in 5kW grid-connected inverter when L filter parameter is varied from 1.1mH to increase double, 2.2mH.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

폴리머 겔의 발파 효과를 평가하기 위해 AUTODYN을 이용한 단일 발파공 모델 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 발파공 내부 에멀젼 폭약과 공벽간의 채움재는 공기와 폴리머 겔을 적용하여 서로 결과를 비교하였으며, 디커플링 지수 1.0인 밀장전과 디커플링 지수 1.25, 1.56에 대해 각각 해석하였다. 폴리머 겔의 발파 효과 평가를 위한 기준은 밀장전 case를 기준으로 하였다. 해석 결과로서 석회석 모델의 파쇄 및 균열 발생에서 공기보다 폴리머 겔 적용의 경우가 높은 파쇄 정도를 나타냈고, 지정 게이지에서의 최고압력 또한 공기의 경우보다 폴리머 겔 적용이 높은 수치를 보였다.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2009

Automotive inverters may require current sensors for motor torque control, especially, in applications of hybrid electric vehicles or fuel cell vehicles. In this paper, to achieve a compact, integrated and low cost current sensor, a hall current sensor without magnetic core is introduced for integrating an automotive inverter. The compactness of the current sensor is possible by using integrated magnetic concentrators based on the Hall effect. Magnetic fields caused by three-phase currents are analyzed and a magnetic shield design is proposed for decoupling the cross-coupled field. It offers galvanic isolation, wide bandwidth (>100kHz), and accuracy(< 1%). Using 2D FEM analysis, its performance is demonstrated with design parameters at a U-shaped magnetic shield. The proposed coreless current sensor is tested with rated current to validate the linearity and accuracy.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.110-113
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• 2002

We demonstrate here a dynamic structure of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) as revealed by $^{13}$ C NMR studies on [3_$^{13}$ C]_,[1-$^{13}$ C]Ala- and/or Val-labeled wild type and a variety of site-directed mutants at ambient temperature. For this purpose, well-resolved (up to twelve) I$^{13}$ C NMR peaks were assigned with reference to the displacement of peaks due to the conformation-dependent I$^{13}$ C chemical shifts and reduced peak-intensities due to site-directed mutations. Revealed bR structure was not rigid as anticipated from 2D crystals of hexagonal array but a dynamically heterogeneous, undergoing a variety of local fluctuations depending upon specific site with frequency range of 10$^2$ -10$^{8}$ Hz. In particular, dynamics- dependent suppression of peaks turned out to be very sensitive to the motion of 10$^{-4}$ s and 10$^{-5}$ s interfered with frequency of magic angle spinning and proton decoupling, respectively. It is also noteworthy that such dynamic feature is strongly dependent upon the manner of 2D crystalline packing: $^{13}$ C NMR peaks of monomeric bR yielded either highly broadened or completely suppressed signals, depending upon the type of $^{13}$ C-labeled amino-acid residues.