• 한국전문물리치료학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.16-25
• /
• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematics of young adults during descent ramp climbing at different inclinations. Twenty-three subjects descended four steps at four different inclinations (level, $-8^{\circ}$, $-16^{\circ}$, $-24^{\circ}$). The 3-D kinematics were measured by a camera-based Falcon System. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls test. The kinematics of descent ramp walking could be clearly distinguished from the kinematics of level walking. On a sagittal plane, the ankle joint was more plantar flexed at initial contact with $-16^{\circ}/-24^{\circ}$ inclination, was decreased in the toe off position with all inclinations (p<.001),and was decreased at maximum plantar flexion during the swing phase (p<.001). The knee joint was more flexed at initial contact with the $-24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.001), was more flexed in the toe off position with all inclinations (p<.001), and was more flexed at minimum flexion during stance phase and at maximum flexion during swing phase with $-16^{\circ}$, $-24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.001). The hip joint was more flexed in the toe off position with $-16^{\circ}$, $-24^{\circ}$ inclination and was deceased at maximum extension during stance phase with $-16^{\circ}$, $-24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.05). In the frontal plane, the ankle joint was more everted at maximum eversion during stance phase with $-16^{\circ}/-24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.01) and was decreased at maximum inversion during swing phase with $-16^{\circ}$, $-24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.01). The knee joint was more increased at maximum varus during stance phase with $-16^{\circ}/-24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.001). The hip joint was deceased at maximum adduction during stance phase with $-24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.05). In a horizontal plane, only the knee joint was increased at maximum internal rotation during stance phase with $-24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.05). In descent ramp walking, the different gait patterns occurred at an inclination of over $16^{\circ}$ on the descending ramp in the sagittal and frontal planes. These results suggest that there is a certain inclination angle or angular range where subjects do switch between level walking and descent ramp walking gait patterns.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.74-83
• /
• 1990

남극반도가 남미대륙과 중생대 지질사에 있어서 상당히 유사한 것은 서남 곤드와 나랜드의 분리 이전에 그 두 부분이 연장선상에 놓였을 가능성을 나타냈다. 남쉐틀랜 드군도를 포함한 남극반도 일대의 화성 활동은 중생대 말까지는 Farallon/Phoenix판의 subduction에 의한 남미 코르딜레라 조산운동와 연관되고, 제3기부터는 드레이크해협 과 스코티아해 형성의 주구조운동과 연관된다. 남쇄틀랜드군도의 기반암은 편암과 변 형퇴적암으로 구성되어 있으며, 이들 기반암과 남쉐틀랜드 군도는 쥬라기말 혹 은 백악기 초에 남서방향으로부터 형성되기 시작했고, 화성활동은 도호 솔레아이트와 칼크 알칼리계열의 중간적 성격을 지니고 서남으로부터 북방향으로 진행되었다. 제 4 기에 들어서면서 남쉐틀랜드군도에는 제 3기 말까지의 화성활동과는 상이한 즉, 강한 친알칼리성의 성격을 지닌 화성활동이 나타나는데, 이는 배호확장 등의 intra-plate tensional tectonics에 기인한다. 백악기 후기에서 제 3기까지의 암석들은 킹죠 지섬에 주로 분포하며 현무암, 안산암의 용암과 현재된 화산쇄설암으로 구성된다. 화 산암류의 일부는 심한 변질을 받았으며, 상당량의 방해석, 실리카광물 및 황철석을 포 함하며, quartz-pyrite lodes라 불리기도 한다. 킹죠지섬의 층서는 크게 Fildes Formation 과 Hennequin Formation으로 나뉜다. 킹죠지섬의 어드미럴티만을 중심으로 그 서쪽에 Fildes Formation이 분포하고, 그 동쪽에 Hennequin Formation이 분포하나, 이 두 층은 거의 비슷한 시기에 형성된 것으로 보인다. Fildes Formation은 변질받은 감람석 현무암과 현무암질 안산암으로 구성되는 반면, Hennequin Formation은 세립질 의 하이퍼스딘, 오자이트 안산암으로 구성되며, 이들 두 층은 모두 화산쇄설성 암석들 을 협재한다.

• Strategy21
• /
• 통권39호
• /
• pp.5-46
• /
• 2016

North Korea's 4th nuclear test on Jan. 6 and following developments once again awakened the world into seriousness of the nuclear matters on the Korean peninsula. On March 2, UNSC adopted Resolution 2270 which is complemented by Seoul government's measures such as withdrawal from the Gaesung Industrial Complex (Feb. 9) and announcement of unilateral sanction (March 8). Seoul government also strongly urged the international community to strangle North Korea's 'financial resources.' The U.S., Japan, China, and other countries have issued unilateral sanctions to complement the UNSC measure. South Korea and the U.S. conducted their annual joint military drill (Resolve-Foal Eagle) in the largest-ever scale. North Korea, however, responded with demonstration of its nuclear capabilities and announcement of de facto 'nuclear-first' politics. North Korea test-fired a variety of delivery vehicles, threatened nuclear strikes against South Korea and the U.S., and declared itself as an 'invincible nuclear power armed with hydrogen bombs' at the 7th Workers 'Party Congress held in May, 2016. Considering the circumstantial evidences, the North's 4th nuclear test may have been a successful boosted fission bomb test. North Korea, and, if allowed to go on with its nuclear programs, will become a nuclear power armed with more than 50 nuclear weapons including hydrogen bombs. The North is already conducting nuclear blackmail strategy towards South Korea, and must be developing 'nuclear use' strategies. Accordingly, the most pressing challenge for the international community is to bring the North to 'real dialogue for denuclearization through powerful and consistent sanctions. Of course, China's cooperation is the key to success. In this situation, South Korea has urgent challenges on diplomacy and security fronts. A diplomatic challenge is how to lead China, which had shown dual attitudes between 'pressure and connivance' towards the North's nuclear matters pursuant to its military relations with the U.S, to participate in the sanctions consistently. A military one is how to offset the 'nuclear shadow effects' engendered by the North's nuclear blackmail and prevent its purposeful and non-purposeful use of nuclear weapons. Though South Korea's Ministry of Defense is currently spending a large portion of defense finance on preemption (kill-chain) and missile defense, they pose 'high cost and low efficiency' problems. For a 'low cost and high efficiency' of deterrence, South Korea needs to switch to a 'retaliation-centered' deterrence strategy. Though South Korea's response to the North's nuclear threat can theoretically be boiled down into dialogue, sanction and deterrence, now is the time to concentrate on strong sanction and determined deterrence since they are an inevitable mandatory course to destroy the North' nuclear-first delusion and bring it to a 'real denuclearization dialogue.'

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 1999

본 연구는 전국에 산재된 천연가스 정압소를 위한 안전방재 시스템 개발을 위하여 수행되었다. 정압소에서 발생할 수 있는 사고를 미연에 방지하기 위하여 정압소의 안전상황을 수집/전송하는 RTU(Remote Terminal Unit)를 개발하여 정압소의 운전원의 역할을 대신하게 하였다. 그리고 전송된 각 정압소의 안전상황을 효과적으로 통제소 운전원에게 전달하며 추후 안전에 대한 분석을 위하여 데이터베이스 및 MMI(Man Machine Interface)를 개발하였다. 안정적인 천연가스 공급의 모든 프로세스을 제어하며, 각종 파라미터를 감시하는 원방 감시 제어 시스템(이하 SCADA 시스템)의 유선 통신 설비가 사고에 의해 무용화 될 경우, 정압소의 상황을 통제실로 전송하기 위하여 유선 및 무선 데이터 통신을 혼합한 유$\cdot$무선 자동 전환 시스템을 개발하였다. 한편 GPS(Global Position System) 및 GIS(Geometric Information System) 기술을 이용한 순찰차량 관리 시스템을 개발하여 정압소에서 이상 징후를 보일 경우 통제소 및 순찰차량에서 동시에 정압소의 상황을 파악할 수 있게 하여 능동적인 대처가 가능하게 하였다. 그리고 3축 가속도 센서를 이용하여 지진을 감지하고 전송하는 지진 감지 및 전송 시스템을 개발하였다. 지진 발생시 ESV(Emergency Shutoff Valve)를 차단할 수 있도록 최대 지반 가속도 및 SI(Spectrum Intensity)값의 크기를 전송해 줌으로서 대형사고를 방지하도록 하였다.

• 농촌지도와개발
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.29-57
• /
• 2007

Korea and USA reach an agreement with FTA. Korea's National Assembly will be to ratify the FTA. Korean agriculture was insufficiently competitive. FTA will be inflicted severe losses to Korean agriculture. But taking for granted that neoliberalism and economic globalization as the irrevocable currency of the international economic order, it is time to devote ourselves into discussing appropriate responses policy to minimize domestic agricultural loss and to improve agricultural competitiveness. There will never be another opportunity like this. It's now or never. Korean government and farmer have done various things, but basically their effort have to concentrate on three forms: fill the needs of an old market, create a need and a new export market, and adapt to a new market. This paper was an exploratory study of Korea－USA. FTA and paving the way for further studies on FTA in Korean agriculture. The objectives of this study Korea and USA reach an agreement with FTA. Korea’s National Assembly will be to ratify the FTA. Korean agriculture was insufficiently competitive. FTA will be inflicted severe losses to Korean agriculture. But taking for granted that neoliberalism and economic globalization as the irrevocable currency of the international economic order, it is time to devote ourselves into discussing appropriate responses policy to minimize domestic agricultural loss and to improve agricultural competitiveness. There will never be another opportunity like this. It's now or never. Korean government and farmer have done various things, but basically their effort have to concentrate on three forms: fill the needs of an old market, create a need and a new export market, and adapt to a new market. This paper was an exploratory study of Korea－USA. FTA and paving the way for further studies on FTA in Korean agriculture. The objectives of this study were 1)to explore the agricultural policy of Korean government, 2)and to explore the present condition of Korean agriculture, 3)and looking for responses direction of Korean agricultural policy to FTA, 4)to strengthen the competitiveness of Korean agriculture. Korean government give a subsidy not to strengthen the competitiveness but to soothe the dissatisfaction. It is necessary for Korean government to switch from public money investment to strengthen the competitiveness.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.126-142
• /
• 2016

This paper presents a wide-frequency-range, low-power transceiver with an automatic impedance-matching calibration for TV-white-space (TVWS) application. The wide-range automatic impedance matching calibration (AIMC) is proposed for the Drive Amplifier (DA) and LNA. The optimal $S_{22}$ and $S_{11}$ matching capacitances are selected in the DA and LNA, respectively. Also, the Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switch is integrated to share the antenna and matching network between the transmitter and receiver, thereby minimizing the systemic cost. An N-path filter is proposed to reject the large interferers in the TVWS frequency band. The current-driven mixer with a 25% duty LO generator is designed to achieve the high-gain and low-noise figures; also, the frequency synthesizer is designed to generate the wide-range LO signals, and it is used to implement the FSK modulation with a programmable loop bandwidth for multi-rate communication. The TVWS transceiver is implemented in $0.13{\mu}m$, 1-poly, 6-metal CMOS technology. The die area of the transceiver is $4mm{\times}3mm$. The power consumption levels of the transmitter and receiver are 64.35 mW and 39.8 mW, respectively, when the output-power level of the transmitter is +10 dBm at a supply voltage of 3.3 V. The phase noise of the PLL output at Band 2 is -128.3 dBc/Hz with a 1 MHz offset.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
• /
• 제48권2호
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 2011

본 논문에서는 $0.35{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정을 이용하여 태양 에너지 하베스팅을 위한 에너지 관리 시스템을 설계하였다. 태양 에너지 관리 시스템은 ISC(Integrated Solar Cell), voltage booster, MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracker) control unit으로 구성된다. ISC의 개방전압은 약 0.5V이고, 단락 전류는 약 $15{\mu}A$이다. Voltage booster는 뒷단에 약 1.5V로 승압된 전압을 공급한다. MPPT control unit은 ISC가 MPP점에 도달 하였을 때, load로 전력이 전달될 수 있도록 pMOS 스위치를 동작시킨다. SEMU(Solar Energy Management Unit)의 크기는 패드를 포함하여 $360{\mu}m{\times}490{\mu}m$이다. ISC의 면적은 $500{\mu}m{\times}2000{\mu}m$이다. 제작된 칩을 측정한 결과 설계된 SEMU가 ISC에서 수확된 에너지에 대해 MPPT control 동작을 제대로 수행하는 것을 확인하였다. 측정된 MPP 전압범위는 약 370mV∼420mV이다.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
• /
• 제9권5호
• /
• pp.49-58
• /
• 2010

현재 국내에서 사용되는 교통신호제어기는 4구신호등(적색, 황색, 녹화살표, 녹색) 체계로 개발된 "경찰청 교통신호제어기 표준규격"을 따르고 있으나, 국가정책에 따라 3구신호등체계로 바뀌어 운영될 예정에 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 기존 4구신호등 체계로 개발된 표준규격 교통신호제어기를 3구신호등(적색, 황색, 녹색) 체계에 맞도록 신호등기부를 개선하는 방법으로 3구신호등용 교통신호제어기를 설계 개발하였다. 등기구동장치(LSU)는 2조의 3색 R-Y-G 출력스위치를 가져 총 6개의 출력용량을 갖도록 개선되었다. 이동류별 및 교통수단별(차량, 버스, 자전거, 보행) 3색 신호를 부여하기 위해 최대 16개까지 등기구동장치(LSU)를 수용하여 총 96개의 출력 용량을 갖도록 버스체계가 개선되었다. 최대 32개까지 늘어난 적색 등 점멸제어를 위해 점멸기(FLASHER) 장치를 개선하였다. 소프트웨어 부문에서는 지역제어기와 센터시스템 간 통신규약이 개선 되었으며, 3구신호등 체계의 LSU에 적합한 새로운 시그널맵 코드체계를 부여하였다. 개발된 3구신호등 제어용 교통신호기에 대해 프로토콜 운전, 원격제어기능, 제어모드별 운전기능을 각각 시험하였으며, 테스트 결과 모두 정상적으로 동작하였다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
• /
• 제27권9호
• /
• pp.834-843
• /
• 2016

본 논문에서는 PIN 다이오드를 이용한 S-대역 고출력 경로선택형 SP4T 및 SP4T 구동회로의 설계를 보였다. 격리도 개선을 위하여 SP4T의 각 경로(path)는 직렬 및 병렬 PIN 다이오드 2개를 cascade하여 구성하였다. 설계된 SP4T 회로는 칩-형 PIN 다이오드와 박막(thin-film) 기법으로 제작된 20 mil AIN 기판을 사용하여 구현하였다. 또한, 설계된 SP4T의 구동회로는 1개의 multiplexer와 4개의 NMOS-PMOS push-pull 쌍을 이용하여 구성하였다. 온-웨이퍼 측정결과, 제작된 SP4T는 최대 삽입손실 1.1 dB, 최소격리도 41 dB의 특성을 보였다. 구동회로의 PIN 다이오드의 on-off, off-on 천이시간은 동일 PIN 다이오드의 패키지를 이용하여 시험하였으며, 모두 약 100 nsec 이하의 천이시간을 보였다. 150 W 입력 고출력 시험 결과, 격리도와 삽입손실은 동축 패키지의 손실 및 부정합을 고려하면 온-웨이퍼 측정결과에 준하는 결과를 얻었다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.29-47
• /
• 2007

Owing to the rapid growth of using the Internet, not only click-and-mortar companies but also brick-and-mortar ones have been expanding their distribution channels into online, Moreover, since online channels are more attractive than offline ones in control and maintenance, switching customers into online ones is emerged as one of very important managerial issues in a view of reduction of cost as well as expansion of services. However, the switched customers should be faced by uncertainties which could not have been experienced in offline. Specifically, in online channels, buyers and sellers are separated temporally and spacially and there are always so many kinds of threat for security as well as not enough systems and conventions for them yet. Therefore, trust has been considered as one of the most critical mechanisms for resolution of such uncertainties in online transactions. However, it is not easy to build and maintain the relationships in online since most of them are virtual and indirect generally. Therefore, in order to switch offline customers into online ones, it is very important to make strategies based on identification of the relationship between online transaction and offline trust which has been built in offline business. Generally offline trust, which has been built independent of online, could not include trust for online-dependent activities such as payment security during or after transactions, while most of online trust include it. Therefore, a customer with high offline trust does not always perceive high security and assure safe transactions. Accordingly, while online trust, where technical capabilities for online security is one of main bases, includes control trust implicitly or explicitly, offline trust does not. However. in spite of such clear discrimination and independence between offline trust and perceived security, there can be the significant dependency between these two beliefs. The customers with high offline trust believe that the company would do some activities for online security for customers' safe transactions since it has been believed of doing well for customers' trust. Theoretically, users' perception of security is interpreted as a kind of control trus, which is trust for company's technical control capacities in order to resolve technical uncertainties in online. Therefore, the relationship between two beliefs can be considered as transference from offline trust to another type trust. that is, control trust. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of offline trust on online transaction uses mediated by perceived security. For this purpose, we suggest a research model based on technology acceptance model (TAM). Reuse intention is adopted as a dependent variable and TAM is modified by adding perceived risk (PR) as well as two beliefs of using Internet banking, perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU). Moreover, perceive security (PS) is adopted as an external variable for PR and PU, while offline trust (OT) is an antecedent of PS. For an empirical test, sampling from 108 visitors to the banks in Daegu, Korea, we analyze our model by partial least square (PLS) approach. In result, our model is shown to explain 51.4% of the variance in reuse intention and all hypothesis are supported statistically. A theoretical implication of this study is to identify a role of PS between offline trust and reuse intention of using online transaction services. According to our result, PS can be considered as a mediation variable for bridging between two different concepts: trust that explains social aspects of customers and companies, and TAM that explains customers' reuse intention.