• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.75-85
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• 2019

Omega-3 α-linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid are essential fatty acids for health maintenance of human and animals because they are not synthesized in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid supplementation on in vitro maturation and developmental potential of porcine oocytes. Various concentrations of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid were added into in vitro maturation medium, and we evaluated the degree of cumulus expansion, oocyte nuclear-maturation rate, blastocyst rate, blastocyst quality, and levels of prostaglandin E₂, 17β-estradiol, and progesterone in the spent medium. High doses (100 μM) of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid supplementation significantly inhibited cumulus expansion and oocyte nuclear maturation, and prostaglandin E₂ synthesis also significantly decreased compared with other groups (p < 0.05). Supplementation of 50 μM α-linolenic acid and 10 μM linoleic acid showed higher quality blastocysts in terms of high cell numbers and low apoptosis when compared with other groups (p < 0.05), and synthesis ratio of 17β-estradiol / progesterone also significantly increased compared with control group (3.59 ± 0.22 vs. 2.97 ± 0.22, 3.4 ± 0.28 vs. 2.81 ± 0.19, respectively; p < 0.05). Our results indicated that supplementation with appropriate levels of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid beneficially affects the change of hormone synthesis (in particular, an appropriate increase in the 17β-estradiol / progesterone synthesis ratio) for controlling oocyte maturation, leading to improved embryo quality. However, high doses of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid treatment results in detrimental effects.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.349-354
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• 1990

The effects of $PGF2{\alpha}$ on the conception rate and the plasma levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone of anestrus Cheju mares were investigated at the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The results obtained from this studies are as follows; 1. The durations of the estrus and diestrus after $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment persisted shorter than control cycle (p<0.05), but ovulation time was fast. 2. The levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesteron before $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment showed 103.8pg/ml, 8.0ng/ml in breeding season and 72.8pg/ml, 4.7ng/ml in non-breeding season, respectively. 3. The levels of estradiol-$17{\beta}$ rose to 115.4~154.0pg/ml, and 90.8~27.0pg/ml from 2nd to 6th day after the treatment of $PGF_2{\alpha}$, in breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively, while progesterone level dropped to 1ng/ml with the sign of estrus and at 8th day rose in breeding season (p<0.05). 4. Of thirty anestrus mares investigated for $PGF_2{\alpha}$ administration, 87.5% showed estrus on an average of 3.8 days after treatment and the conception rate was 62.5% in breeding season, but the estrus and conception rates dropped 40% and 20% in non-breeding season, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 1994

The influence of hypoxanthine and ovarian steroids on the meiotic maturation process of mouse oocytes was investigated for the qualified application of culture medium in in vitro fertilization(IVF). Mouse oocytes were cultured in hypoxanthine and various ovarian steroids(progesterone, estradiol-17${\beta}$ and testosterone) and their effects on the oocyte maturation had been observed. When mouse oocytes were cultured in the various concentration(1-4mM) of hypoxanthine, meiotic maturation of cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes was inhibited by presence itself, which was a dose-dependent effect in meiotic arrest of mouse oocytes. The presence of progesterone, estradiol-17${\beta}$ and testosterone have made the mouse oocyte mature properly. Meanwhile maturation of cumulus cell-enclosed oocyte was severely inhibited by 3 hoursculture in the media of progesterone supplemented with hypoxanthine. However the continuous presence lasting 24 hours of progesterone even supplemented with hypoxanthine had got rid of the inhibition of oocytes maturation. Not only estradiol-17${\beta}$ supplemented with hypoxanthine but also testosterone supplemented with hypoxanthine exert the severe inhibition of the maturation of cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes for 3-hours culture. However the continuous presence lasting 24 hours of estradiol-17${\beta}$ and testosterone even supplemented with· hypoxanthine had relieved the inhibition of oocytes maturation. These results make us suggest that hypoxanthine inhibits the mouse oocyte maturation, particularly markedly in conjunction with ovarian steroids for short period, which indicated some sort of the synergistic inhibitory retationship between the ovarian steroids and hypoxanthine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2000

This study was designed to determine the effects of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and estradiol $17-{\beta}$ on the in vitro proliferation of stromal vascular cell from Hanwoo omental, subcutaneous, intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissues. Cells were cultured in M199+20% newborn calf serum and the proliferation of cells was measured by direct microscopic cell counting and change of genomic DNA amount. Cell numbers increased slightly over the first 72 hour of culture and then increased greatly, regardless of adipose tissue depots. In IGF-1 treatment, the number of omental preadipocytes maintained highest level from the beginning to the 20th day of culture. However, in estradiol-$17{\beta}$ treatment, those tended to be lower than the control from the beginning of culture and significantly lower at the 24th day. When IGF-1 was added to subcutaneous preadipocytes, the numbers of cells were higher from 11th day than those from other treatments, although there was no statistical significance. For intermuscular preadipocytes treated with IGF-1, its numbers were significantly (p<0.05) higher at 11th day, and in the other days it showed a similar tendency to those of the subcutaneous tissue. In this experiment, preadipocytes were taken from 24 month old fully matured steers and the highest proliferation rate was shown in intramuscular tissue followed by those of subcutaneous preadipocytes. Addition of $5{\mu}M$ estradiol-$17{\beta}$ to the growth medium failed to promote the replication of Hanwoo preadipocytes, as indicated by direct cell counts and total genomic DNA content. As the culture period proceeded, the amounts of DNA were increased, but the patterns of increment were not consistent with the results of cell numbers.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to investigate expression patterns of the prolactin (PRL) and c-fos genes by 17$\beta$-estradiol (17$\beta$-E) and stress in the mouse pituitary. In the pituitary, the levels of PRL mRNA were found high with some fluctuation at 30, 50, and 90 min whereas the levels of PRL mRNA were low at 120 min when ovariectomized female mice were injected with 17$\beta$-E or vehicle. PRL mRNA levels began to increase again at 4 h and remained high up to 24 h only in the 17$\beta$-E- treated mice. The overall changes in c-fos mRNA by 17$\beta$-E were very similar to those in PRL mRNA in the pituitary. Subsequent study revealed that these high initial levels of PRL and c-fos mRNAs were caused by stress during Injection, not by 17$\beta$-E, since vehicle injection alone into the ovariectomized mice could increase the levels of PRL and c-fos mRNAs. The stress-induced elevations of PRL and c-fos mRNAs were inhibited by bromocriptin, a dopamine agonist, suggesting that the dopaminergic system is involved in the action route of injection stress. In addition, the induced levels of c-fos mRNA by 17$\beta$-E and stress in the pituitary were very low compared with those in the uterus. The time course changes in c-fos mRNA level were different between the pituitary and uterus. Taken together, these data indicate that PRL and c-tos gene expression in the pituitary are regulated by 17$\beta$-E and stress in a parallel manner, supporting the notion that c-Fos plays a role in regulation of PRL gene expression.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of semen characteristics, frozen-thawed sperm viability and serum FSH, LH, estradiol-17β and testosterone concentrations between breeds and among seasons in boars. In all seasons, Yorkshire boars produced higher semen volume compared with Duroc boars, whereas sperm concentration did not differ significantly between Duroc and Yorkshire boars. Semen volume in spring was higher compared with summer, autumn and winter in both Duroc and Yorkshire boars, but sperm concentration did not differ significantly among seasons. Sperm motility and normal acrosome rate of frozen-thawed sperm produced in spring were higher than those in summer, autumn and winter in both Duroc and Yorkshire boars. Sperm motility of frozen-thawed sperm in Yorkshire boars was higher than that in Duroc boars regardless of seasons. However, normal acrosome rate did not differ significantly between Duroc and Yorkshire boars. Serum FSH concentration in Yorkshire boars was lower than that in Duroc boars in all seasons. However, there were no significant differences on serum FSH concentration of Duroc and Yorkshire boars among seasons. Serum LH and estradiol-17β concentrations did not differ significantly between Duroc and Yorkshire boars. Also, there were no significant differences in serum LH and estradiol-17β concentrations of Duroc and Yorkshire boars among seasons. Serum testosterone concentration in Yorkshire boars was higher than that in Duroc boars in all seasons. In both breeds, serum testosterone concentrations were higher in spring than in summer, autumn and winter. In conclusion, when serum FSH concentrations were low, semen volumes were high, and when serum testosterone concentrations were high, sperm motility and normal acrosome rate of frozen-thawed sperm were high.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 1985

The present study was carried out to determine sex hormone levels in serum throughout estrous cycle in Korean native goats. LH, FSH, prolactin, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone in serum analyzed every 2 days from the estrus (day 0) to the 20th day of estrous cycle by the radioimmunoassay. The concentration of serum LH was high level with 3.27 mIU/ml on the day of estrus, then decreased rapidly to l.05~1.73 mIU/ml from the day 2 of estrous cycle to the day 18. A similar tendency was observed in the prolactin concentration, however the ranges of variation were not so marked as those of LH concentration. FSH concentrations determined were below 1.25 mIU/ml in all observation time. The concentration of serum estradiol-$17{\beta}$ was the highest, 23.62 pg/ml on the day of estrus, but the levels of 4.56~9.75 pg/ml were maintained during the other days of estrous cycle. Progesterone concentrations were the lowest, 0.45 ng/ml on the day of estrus and thereafter increased gradually to 8.85 ng/ml on the day 14 of estrous cycle, then decreased again. Serum LH concentrations before and after estrus maintained high levels during the 12 hours, i. e., 6 hours before and 6 hours after estrus. The concentrations of FSH were below 1.25 mIU/ml during the observation period. Prolactin concentrations were observed high levels during 24 hours, i.e., 12 hours before and 12 hours after estrus. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations before and after estrus maintained high levels during the 24 hours, i.e., 12 hours before and 12 hours after estrus. The tendency of changes in progesterone concentrations were contrary to that of estradiol-$17{\beta}$.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 2004

The present study aimed to investigate whether the expression of ADAM-8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17 and ADAMTS-1 genes is controlled by ovarian steroid hormones. Ovariectomized mice were injected with 17 ${\beta}$-estradiol ($E_2$), progesterone ($P_4$, or $E_2+P_4$. Uterine tissues were processed for RT-PCR and immunoblotting. The results of RT-PCR showed that administration of $E_2$ increases the level of ADAM-8, 12 and ADAM17 expression compared to $P_4$ or control group. In contrast, administration of $P_4$ markedly stimulated the expression of ADAM-9, 10, 15 and ADAMTS-1, whereas $E_2$ did not. Immunoblotting analysis using anti-mouse ADAM polyclonal antibodies demonstrated that $E_2$ alone or $E_2+P_4$ treatment results in the strong expression of ADAM-8, 12 and ADAM17 proteins but $P_4$ alone or control group gave weak expression. In contrast, $P_4$ alone or $E_2$ plus $P_4$ treatment increased the expression level of ADAM-9, 10, 15 and DAMTS-1 proteins. $E_2$ alone or control group did not increase the expression. These results indicate that expression of ADAM-8, 12 and ADAM17 genes is upregulated by $E_2$ and that of ADAM-9, 10, 15 and ADAMTS-1 gene is upregulated by $P_4$.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2004

Temporal changes of plasma vitellogenin (VTG), alkaline-labile protein phosphorus (ALPP), calcium (Ca), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were examined in the $estradiol-17\beta$ ${E_2}$-administered immature rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Fish were intraperitoneally injected with ${E_2}$ (5 ㎎/kg B.W.) in 70% ethanol and then plasma were extracted at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days. VTG band was detected at a molecular weight position of about 170 kDa on Day 3 in SDS-PAGE. This band became more distinct at 6 days but its was gradually thinned with time-course, and not detected at 15 days. Plasma ALPP and Ca increased suddenly at 1 day and the highest concentrations were detected at 6 days and then these concentrations decreased gradually with time-course. ALPP and Ca concentrations at 15 days after E2 administration were very similar to that before E2 administration. GPT was increased at 1 day and higher GPT was detected at 3 days. However, GPT was gradually decreased with time-course. GPT and HSI at 15 days after E2 administration were also very similar to that before E2 administration. HSI was also increased at 1 day and the highest value was detected at 3 days and then gradually decreased with time-course. These results suggest that plasma ALPP, Ca, GPT and HSI could be utilized as a biomarker of exogenous E2 exposure in coastal ecosystem, because the changes of ALPP, Ca, GPT and HSI after E2 administration are very similar to that of VTG.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2009

In our previous report, we showed that $PPAR{\gamma}$ does not influence adipogenesis in females with functioning ovaries, indicating that $PPAR{\gamma}$ activity on adipogenesis is associated with sex-related factors. Among the sex-related factors, estrogen has been recognized as a major factor in inhibiting adiposgenesis in females. Thus, we hypothensized that $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E) inhibits 3T3-L1 cell adipogenesis by preventing $PPAR{\gamma}$ activity. E decreased triglyceirde accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells compared with control group. E also decreased the expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ mRNA as well as $PPAR{\gamma}$ dependent adipocyte-specific genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$. In addition, E not only decreased luciferase reporter activity by $PPAR{\gamma}$, but also transfection of estrogen receptor $\alpha$ ($ER{\alpha}$) or $ER{\beta}$ led to decreases in $PPAR{\gamma}$ reporter gene activation. Moreover, E-activated ERs significantly decreased the luciferase reporter gene activation induced by $PPAR{\gamma}$ transfection, suggesting that estrogen-activated ERs inhibit $PPAR{\gamma}$-dependent transactivation. Accordingly, our results demonstrate that E inhibits the action of $PPAR{\gamma}$ on adipogenesis through E activated ER, providing evidence that lack of estrogen may potentiate $PPAR{\gamma}$ action on adipogenesis.