• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2019

This study examined the relationship between the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (uACR) with ferritin in Korean adults. This study included 4,948 adults aged ${\geq}20years$ from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. A covariance test adjusted for covariates was performed for the ferritin levels in relation to the decreased eGFR (eGFR<$60ml/min/1.73m^2$) and elevated uACR ($uACR{\geq}30mg/g$). Several key findings were made in the present study. First, after adjusting for the related variables, the ferritin level was higher in the decreased eGFR group [$103.04{\pm}6.59mL/min/1.73m^2$; 95% confidence interval (CI), 90.12~115.96] than in the normal eGFR group ($84.87{\pm}1.16mL/min/1.73m^2$; 95% CI, 82.59~87.14; P=0.007). Second, after adjusting for the related variables, the ferritin level ($M{\pm}SE$) was similar in the normal uACR group ($85.70{\pm}1.20mg/g$; 95% CI, 83.35~88.05) and elevated uACR group ($82.72{\pm}4.09mg/g$; 95% CI, 74.71~90.73) (P=0.487). Chronic kidney disease was positively associated with the ferritin level in Korean adults but albuminuria was not.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.154-166
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• 2021

The royal seal, in either gold or jade, is used to symbolize Joseon's royal family, and it is made up of a Bonu (a handle), Bosin (a body), Bomun (a letter inscribed on the seal), and Bosu (a string attached to the seal). The Bosu was designed to enhance the seal's dignity and facilitate convenient handling. Bosu consists of Kkeun-mog and Bangwool-sul (decorated with gilt paper), which are made of Bangwool, Bangwool-mog, and Sul. In this study, the form survey, color, material, and composition of 318 Bosu pieces from the Joseon Dynasty and Korean Empire produced from 1441 to 1928 were analyzed. As time passed, the strings on the seals became longer and thinner. Bangwool-mog disappeared from the mid-1800s, and a ring appeared at the end of the Sul. Most of the colors used were scarlet, but orange and purple were also identified. Although most of the Bosu are silk, five Bosu from the 1900s and one Bosu from the 1740s (likely replaced in the 1900s) are estimated to be rayon. The gilt paper's main chemical components used to decorate the Bangwool-sul vary according to age. Until the mid-1800s, gold (Au) was used for the Sul and Bangwool, but since the mid-1800s, gold (Au) and brass (Cu-Zn) were used for Sul and Bangwool, respectively, and then brass (Cu-Zn) was used for Sul and Bangwool. While the Bosu was a seal accessory, it can be used to identify changes in the manufacturing techniques and materials of the period.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.2
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• pp.141-154
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• 2021

The change in vegetation structure along elevational gradients on the southeastern part of Mt. Hallasan was studied. Vegetation data were collected with 59 quadrates located from 16 to 1,565 m with 100 m intervals. Community types were classified using cluster analysis, and species composition and diversity were analyzed along elevational gradients. The vegetation was classified into seven, namely, type 1 Quercus serrata community, type 2 Carpinus tschonoskii community, type 3 Carpinus laxiflora community, type 4 Pinus densiflora community, type 5 Abies koreana community, type 6 Castanopsis sieboldii community, and type 7 Quercus acuta community. The species with a high importance value in tree layer in each elevational zone were C. sieboldii and Q. acuta at 100-600 m; C. laxiflora, Q. serrata, and C. tschonoskii at 700-800 m; P. densiflora at 1,100-1,200 m; and Abies koreana at 1,500-1,600 m. The species diversity indicated higher value at 700-800 m, 1,200-1,300 m and 1,400-1,500 m than at the other elevation.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.359-365
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• 2021

A heavy particle accelerator is a device that accelerates particles using high energy and is used in various fields such as medical and industrial fields as well as research. However, secondary neutrons and particle fragments are generated by the high-energy particle beam, and among them, the neutrons do not have an electric charge and directly interact with the nucleus to cause radiation of the material. Quantitative evaluation of the radioactive material produced in this way is necessary, but there are many difficulties in actual measurement during or after operation. Therefore, this study compared and evaluated the generated radioactive material in the concrete shield for protons and carbon ions of specific energy by using the simulation code FLUKA. For the evaluation of each energy of proton beam and carbon ion, the reliability of the source term was secured within 2% of the relative error with the data of the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory(NSRL), which is an internationally standardized data. In the evaluation, carbon ions exhibited higher neutron flux than protons. Afterwards, in the evaluation of radioactive materials under actual operating conditions for disposal, a large amount of short-lived beta-decay nuclides occurred immediately after the operation was terminated, and in the case of protons with a high beam speed, more radioactive products were generated than carbon ions. At this time, radionuclides of ⁴⁴Sc, ³H and ²²Na were observed at a high rate. In addition, as the cooling time elapsed, the ratio of long-lived nuclides increased. For nonparticulate radionuclides, ³H, ²²Na, and for particulate radionuclides, ⁴⁴Ti, ⁵⁵Fe, ⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, and ¹⁵⁴Eu nuclides showed a high ratio. In this study, it is judged that it is possible to use the particle accelerator as basic data for facility maintenance, repair and dismantling through the prediction of radioactive materials in concrete according to the cooling time after operation and termination of operation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.73-73
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• 2019

Angelica gigas Nakai (Korean danggui), a member of the Umbelliferae family, is a Korean traditional medicinal plant whose roots have been used for treating gynecological diseases. Transcriptomics is the study of the transcriptome, which is the complete set of RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome, using high-throughput methods, such as microarray analysis. In this study, transcriptome analysis of A.gigas Nakai was carried out. Transcriptome sequencing and assembly was carried out by using Illumina Hiseq 2500, Velvet and Oases. A total of 109,591,555 clean reads of A. gigas Nakai was obtained after trimming adaptors. The obtained reads were assembled with an average length of 1,154 bp, a maximum length of 13,166 bp, a minimum length of 200 pb, and N50 of 1,635 bp. Functional annotation and classification was performed using NCBI NR, InterprotScan, KOG, KEGG and GO. Candidate genes for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were obtanied from A.gigas transcriptome and the genes and its proteins were confirmed through the NCBI homology BLAST searches, revealing high identity with other othologous genes and proteins from various plants pecies. In RNA sequencing analysis using an Illumina Next-Seq2500 sequencer, we identified a total 94,930 transcripts and annotated 71,281 transcripts, which provide basic information for further research in A.gigas Nakai. Our transcriptome data reveal that several differentially expressed genes related to flower color in A.gigas Nakai. The results of this research provide comprehensive information on the A.gigas Nakai genome and enhance our understanding of the flower color related gene pathways in this plant.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.154-160
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• 2021

Objective: The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of piglets in the nursery phase was evaluated. Methods: A total of 450 hybrid pigs (21 day old), including both females and uncastrated males, weighing approximately 6 kg, were distributed in a completely randomised design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates of 50 animals each. The treatments were: i) pen without environmental enrichment (control), ii) treatment consisting of continuous environmental enrichment (CEE) with rubber balls throughout the experimental period, and iii) treatment consisting of environmental enrichment with washed balls (EEWB) during the whole experimental period which were removed daily for washing. For the behavioural evaluation, 10 animals were randomly selected per replicate. The behavioural assessments were performed once a week, from 8 am to 6 pm, using images captured with a video camera. The data were submitted to non-parametric analyses, the means were compared using the Bonferroni test, and Person's correlations were also calculated. Results: A statistical difference (p = 0.001) was observed in the B5 (playful) behaviour; the animals in the EEWB treatment group had a higher frequency of this behaviour than animals in the control treatment group. The animals in the control group showed a higher frequency of B7 behaviour (lying down) (p = 0.026) than those in the EEWB and CEE treatment groups. The animals in the control group had a higher frequency of the B9 (belly nosing) behaviour than those in the EEWB group (p = 0.015). There was a tendency towards a higher frequency of behaviour B3 (walking in the pen) (p = 0.067) when the animals received the control treatment than treatments EEWB or CEE. Conclusion: The use of an enriching object improved the animal welfare and altered the correlation between the evaluated behaviours compared to the animals that did not have environmental enrichment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.147-154
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• 2021

Recently, it has been observed that as the level of Science and Technology in Korea is improving, the demand for technology transfer from overseas buyers is also increasing. A technical value is an important factor for the technology transfer process and the valuation of technology should be performed reasonably. Specifically, a non-economical value has to be examined thoroughly when conducting the valuation for a technology that depends on public values. Since public technology has public benefit as its purpose when compared to technology from the private sector, its discount rate should be appropriately assessed and reflected in its valuation process. In this context, this study presents the methodology of valuation of public technology particularly relating to the transfer of technology from the national defense industries. To be specific, both an application method of the discount rate according to the characteristics and the purpose of the target technology and a qualitative and quantitative evaluation method to reflect the public values are presented. The proposed method for the valuation of defense technology could be used practically both in strengthening bargaining capability based on the reasonably derived technical values for transfer of national defense technology abroad and in the compilation of budgets for technology development in the future.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.142-154
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• 2021

Purpose: Screening image-enhanced endoscopy for gastrointestinal malignant lesions has progressed. However, the influence of the color enhancement settings for the laser endoscopic system on the visibility of lesions with higher color contrast than their surrounding mucosa has not been established. Materials and Methods: Forty early gastric cancers were retrospectively evaluated using color enhancement settings C1 and C2 for laser endoscopic systems with blue laser imaging (BLI), BLI-bright, and linked color imaging (LCI). The visibilities of the malignant lesions in the stomach with the C1 and C2 color enhancements were scored by expert and non-expert endoscopists and compared, and the color differences between the malignant lesions and the surrounding mucosa were assessed. Results: Early gastric cancers mainly appeared orange-red on LCI and brown on BLI-bright or BLI. The surrounding mucosae were purple on LCI regardless of the color enhancement but brown or pale green with C1 enhancement and dark green with C2 enhancement on BLI-bright or BLI. The mean visibility scores for BLI-bright, BLI, and LCI with C2 enhancement were significantly higher than those with C1 enhancement. The superiority of the C2 enhancement was not demonstrated in the assessments by non-experts, but it was significant for experts using all modes. The C2 color enhancement produced a significantly greater color difference between the malignant lesions and the surrounding mucosa, especially with the use of BLI-bright (P=0.033) and BLI (P<0.001). C2 enhancement tended to be superior regardless of the morphological type, Helicobacter pylori status, or the extension of intestinal metaplasia around the cancer. Conclusions: Appropriate color enhancement settings improve the visibility of malignant lesions in the stomach and color contrast between the malignant lesions and the surrounding mucosa.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.154-164
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• 2011

This study was conducted to develop the semi-crawler type mini-forwarder that can be operated comfortable small-scale logging operation in the steep terrain and also used at a variety of operations such as the civil work in erosion control and forest-road. Considering the minimum turning radius and the width of forest operation road, the total length, width and loading capacity of the semi-crawler type mini-forwarder is 5,750 mm, 1,900 mm and $2.5m^{3}$, respectively. The maximum engine power is 96ps at 3600 rpm. Selected hydraulic pumps are consists of two main pumps and two sub-main pumps. Main hydraulic pumps are utilized to running motor of the front wheel and rear crawler. Sub-main pumps are utilized to the actuation parts such as steering, crane, out-rigger and dump cylinder. The transmission was adapted as the HST (Hydro-Static Transmission) system. The driving parts are designed and manufactured as the front wheel type and the rear crawler type. The steering type was manufactured as the ackerman type. Driving control parts type was designed and manufactured as driver's seat type of normal cars. It is also attached on auxiliary equipments such as winch, log grapple and out-rigger. The traveling speed of the semi-crawler type mini-forwarder in forest road was 5.3 km/hr to 7.7 km/hr.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 1990

The structures of $Tl_{12-2x}Zn_x-A$ (x = 4.3 and 3.25), vacuum dehydrated zeolite A with all $Na^+$ ions replaced by $Tl^+$ and $Zn^{2+}$ as indicated, have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1) $^{\circ}C$ (a=12.100(2) ${\AA}$ for $Tl_{3.4}Zn_{4.3}-A$ and a=12.092(2) ${\AA}$ for $Tl_{5.5}Zn_{3.25}-A$). The crystals of $Tl_{3.4}Zn_{4.3}-A$ and $Tl_{5.5}Zn_{3.25}-A$ were prepared by flow method using exchange solutions in which mole ratios of $TlNO_3$,/TEX> and $Zn(NO_3)_2$ were 1:50 and 1:1, respectively, with total concentration of 0.05 M. The structures of the dehydrated $Tl_{3.4}Zn_{4.3}-A$ and $Tl_{5.5}Zn_{3.25}-A$ were refined to yield the final error indices $R_1$ = 0.075 and $R_2$ = 0.075 with 236 reflections, and $R_1$ = 0.057 and $R_2$ = 0.064 with 202 reflections, respectively, for which I > 3$\sigma$(I). Both structures indicate that Zn(II) ions are coordinated by three framework oxygens: the Zn(II) to O(3) distances are 2.08(1) ${\AA}$ for $Tl_{3.4}Zn_{4.3}-A$ and 2.07(1) ${\AA}$ for $Tl_{5.5}Zn_{3.25}-A$, respectively. In each structure, the angle subtended at Zn(II), O(3)-Zn(II)-O(3) is 119.9(3)$^{\circ}$ for $Tl_{3.4}Zn_{4.3}-A$, and 120.0(3)$^{\circ}$ for $Tl_{5.5}Zn_{3.25}-A$, respectively, close to the idealized trigonal-planar value. Zn(II) ions prefer to 6-ring sites. $Tl^+$ ions do not have any preference to a particular site but occupy simultaneously both at the 6-ring sites and 8-ring sites.